The article is devoted to the substantiation of the need to implement a special program of radiation-hygienic support of work with nitride fuel for fast neutron reactors. It is shown that at the current pace of implementation of the project direction "Breakthrough", in conditions when achievements in scientific research lead to a revision of design and technological solutions, it is possible to manage radiation and hygiene support only in a mode that provides a quick response to changes in the real production and environmental situation.

Introduction. The use of highly toxic and highly hazardous components of liquid rocket fuel in silo-based intercontinental ballistic missiles makes it necessary to assure the health and epidemiological well-being of the population and environmental safety when eliminating silo launchers.

The study aims to assess the chemical safety of the sites of silo launchers after their elimination by detonation and remediation of disturbed lands.

Materials and methods. Samples of soil, water, vegetation were taken at 20 remedied sites of the former silo launchers of "single start" located in the Chelyabinsk region and the Altai Territory. These samples were analyzed in an accredited laboratory for the content of unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine and its degradation products using certified photometric methods.

Results. At the time of the survey in 2019, in 19 of 20 sites of former silo launchers, facts of unauthorized intrusion to the remedied sites were established in order to recover a scrap of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, building materials up to the depth of the location of the destroyed shafts of mine structures. In soil samples from 3 sites of silo launchers located in the Chelyabinsk region, asymmetric dimethyl-hydrazine was found in concentrations exceeding the MPC by 1.02 - 1.6 times. In water samples from open and water-flooded shafts of silo launchers, degradation products of unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine were absent. Contamination of herbaceous and coniferous vegetation with asymmetric dimethyl-hydrazine at the surveyed sites has not been established.

Conclusion. Soil contamination with asymmetric dimethyl-hydrazine at three remedied sites of 20 surveyed ones may be the result of their unauthorized opening. After the intrusion, the orphan sites of the silo launchers become objects of increased chemical hazard and environmental risk. Such things require carrying out nature restoration work, strengthening supervision over their technical, health and ecological condition.

Introduction. The use of ionizing radiation as a production factor in the late 1940s — early 1950s. began in the absence of a clear understanding of the permissible radiation doses for workers, as well as knowledge of diagnostic criteria and developed therapeutic measures for developing chronic radiation sickness (CRS).

Since then, a great deal of experience has been accumulated in the diagnosis and treatment of CRS. Currently, there are no conditions at the workplace for chronic exposure of workers in doses exceeding the permissible ones. However, taking into account the constant expansion of the scope of using sources of ionizing radiation, it is necessary to remember about the possibility of CRS development due to prolonged exposure in case of violation of their storage or their loss.

The study aimed to explore the formation of radiation bone marrow syndrome (RBS) due to chronic exposure in doses that exceed the maximum permissible, accumulated with different dose rates of radiation.

Material and methods. We selected the medical records of 27 people (24 men and 3 women) who had RBS as a result of chronic professional gamma radiation exposure. The selection criteria were the diagnosis of grade II–III chronic radiation syndrome (CRS) in the presence of agranulocytosis or anemic syndrome in the period of the disease formation and, especially, in the development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or aplastic anemia in the period of the CRS consequences. Identified clinical and dosimetric CRS features of 27 patients exposed to chronic irradiation with a dose rate of 0.0002–0,009 Gy/h and the summary dose of 1.7 and 9.6 Gy, accumulated over a period of 6 to 96 months were compared the characteristics of 84 patients CRS exposed a lower dose rates (less than 0,0003 Gy/h) and 26 patients with acute radiation syndrome moderate (II) severity as a result of irradiation the dose rates of 0.14–3,7 Gy/h, total dose of 2 to 4 Gy.

Results. The criteria of atypical subacute CRS course are identified: the rate of chronic radiation exposure — not less than 0.001–0.009 Gy/h with a summary dose of 1.7–9.6 Gy accumulated over a period of 6–96 months, the presence of agranulocytosis in the period of CRS formation and anemic syndrome in the periods of CRS formation and outcomes. These signs predict the development MDS in 60% of the patients in the period of the CRS consequences.

Conclusion. Retrospective study determined that long-term human exposure to a dose rate of 0.001–0,009 Gy/h (0,005–0,05 Gy/day) and more in the accumulation of a summary dose of 1.7 and 9.6 Gy and duration of contact 6–96 months in 60% of cases can be expected development CRS with a subacute clinical course RBS. The main factor determining this feature of the course of RBS is the dose rate exceeding 0.001 Gy / h (2 Gy/year). In the subacute course of CRS, the early outcome in MDS is essentially deterministic. The development of agranulocytosis and anemic syndrome are typical signs of the subacute course of CRS.

The purpose of the study is to compare the excess relative risk (ERR per 1 Sv) of solid cancer mortality in acute — catastrophic or emergency, and occupational — fractionated or chronic exposure.

Materials and research methods. A maintained database (database of sources) on nuclear workers from about 40 countries, on the basis of it a combined data analysis was carried out to determine the integral ERR value per 1 Gy for cancer mortality for comparison with parameters of cohorts exposed to catastrophic and emergency exposure: the LSS cohort victims of the atomic bombings in Japan, residents of the Techa River (radioactive contamination due to emissions from the Mayak plant) and Russian liquidators of the Chernobyl accident.

Results. Comparison of the ERR per 1 Sv for cancer mortality for workers in the global nuclear industry (combining analysis of data from 37 studies) with the parameters of the LSS cohort, residents on the Techa River and liquidators of the Chernobyl accident showed the absence of logical and principial differences, and the risks for the last two cohorts were the highest.

Although the data obtained partly confirm the approach of recent years by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, according to which the carcinogenic effects of acute, accidental, and fractionated or chronic radiation exposure do not depend on the dose rate factor (DDREF), nevertheless, taking into account biological mechanisms and data radiobiological experiments, this issue cannot be considered unambiguously resolved.

Conclusion. Based on the ERR per 1 Sv, the average external dose, and the annual background cancer mortality in Russia and the United States, the expected increase in cancer mortality for 100,000 nuclear workers will average 32–69 people over 10 years (0.032–0.069% of the group). Such risks, due to the many carcinogenic non-radiation factors of life and work, as well as fluctuations in the background value, cannot be taken into account in the practice of medicine and health care.

Introduction. The study's relevance is due to the need to improve the safety of nuclear industry enterprises and, as a consequence, to ensure a good level of psychophysiological functioning of employees.

The study aims to identify the analysis of EEG indicators characterizing the FS of the central nervous system at different levels of PFA using visual and computer analysis.

Materials and methods. Object — 331 archival EEGS of workers of hazardous radiation industries. The researchers determined the level of adaptation of employees using psychological, psychophysical, and physiological techniques. We conventionally recorded the EEG at rest and functional loads. In addition, scientists used a visual analysis and computer evaluation of the spectral power of EEG biopotentials in the processing.

Results. With the help of visual analysis, we identified diagnostic features reflecting different levels of psychophysiological adaptation and functional activity of structural and functional formations of the central nervous system. It is possible to determine the role of structural and functional formations in forming a low level of adaptation and formulate prognostic criteria for adaptation. Researchers have identified some mechanisms of these criteria based on the evaluation results of the spectral power of EEG biopotentials.

Conclusions. We identified four abnormal indicators in the EEG: "Type IV EEG", "Unstable EEG dynamics", "High index of β1 activity", "Presence of flashes of bilateral synchronous waves". These indicators indicate the presence of violations of the central regulation of the cardiovascular system and dysfunctional changes in the structures of the limbic-reticular complex. Therefore, we consider it as a criterion of a low level of PFA.

The identification in the EEG of persons with a high level of PFA electroencephalographic norm indicates the absence of violations of the central regulation of the cardiovascular system and dysfunctional changes in the structures of the limbic-reticular complex.

Researchers consider this a sign of a high probability of these individuals performing professional activities with a low risk of emergencies due to reduced adaptation.

Tritium is one of the most important dose-forming radionuclides that determine the radiation situation in the area where nuclear fuel cycle enterprises are located. At the same time, it is not possible to catch the tritium formed during the operation of a nuclear power plant using modern, efficient and cheap technologies. This causes an increase in its concentration in environmental objects and an increase in the contribution of technogenic tritium to the radiation load of the population. Therefore, the task of monitoring the formation of tritium during the operation of nuclear power plants, the content of tritium in emissions and discharges of nuclear power plants, as well as the distribution of this radionuclide in the environment is especially urgent today.

The study aims to analyze the environmental pollution due to emissions and discharges of tritium from the Kalininskaya nuclear power plant, the process of spreading tritium by air, as well as the accumulation of this radionuclide in water bodies, soil and food products grown in the area of the nuclear power plant.

The following methods, developed by the specialists of the Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center were used during the research: 1) "Method for determining the volumetric activity of organic and inorganic tritium compounds in water bodies by liquid scintillation spectrometry". 2) "Methodology for determining the concentration of organic and inorganic tritium compounds in the air of the environment and industrial premises". 3) "The method for determining the specific activity of tritium compounds in soil and vegetation" was developed and tested in the course of field studies at the Kalinin NPP. As a sample preparation we used the method based on burning a selected sample in a specialized Pyrolyser-6 Trio oven. All prepared counting samples were measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry on a counter Tri-Carb 3180TR/SL.

On the basis of an integrated approach to assessing the content of tritium and its compounds in air, water, soil and food, an analysis of the formation of environmental pollution due to emissions and discharges of tritium from the Kalinin NPP was carried out.

It is shown that the transport of emissions from the NPP by air and the wind direction prevailing in the territory of the NPP location have a significant importance in the formation of the contribution to the ingress of tritium into foodstuffs. The necessity of taking into account the ingress of tritium and its compounds with nuclear plant emissions into the environment in the task of optimization of radiation protection of the population under conditions of normal operation of NPP is shown.

The aim of the study is to assess the main radiation-hazardous factors that determine the effective dose of personnel during underground uranium mining at the Priargunsky Industrial Mining and Chemical Association, and to summarize the data of the radiation control of the enterprise for 2016-2020. The main factors that create personnel dose loads are: the volume activity of short-lived daughter products of radon decay in the air, the dose rate of external gamma radiation, and the volume activity of long-lived alpha-emitting radionuclides of the uranium-radium series in industrial dust. Information on the structure and values of individual effective doses of workers is presented. Recommendations for improving the radiation monitoring system are given.

Currently, scientists pay great attention to the intake of tritium and its compounds when assessing the impact of radiation-hazardous objects on the environment and humans. Now, there are no acceptable industrial technologies for the effective capture of this radionuclide; therefore, all tritium generated during the operation of nuclear power plants enters the environment with emissions and discharges. Consequently, it leads to an increase in its concentration in environmental objects, including soil and vegetation. This fact determines the need to assess its content in the ground and vegetation.

The study aims to develop a method for determining the content of tritium in soil and vegetation.

To develop a methodology for assessing the content of tritium in soil and vegetation, we used the technique of preparing counting samples based on burning the selected examples in a specialized Pyrolyser 6-Trio furnace.

Previously, scientists conducted some laboratory studies to assess the acceptability of this method of sample preparation. We measured the counting samples on a Tri-CARB 3180 TR/SL liquid scintillation meter.

Scientists have developed and certified a method for determining tritium in soil and vegetation. Furthermore, we investigated the content of tritium and its compounds in the environment in the area of the Nuclear Power Plant based on a comprehensive assessment.

Researchers found tritium content in soil and vegetation in settlements near nuclear power plants with VVER type reactors. The main routes of entry of tritium and its compounds into vegetation are the air path and the access of tritium from the ground. The presented data determine the need for systematic studies on the accumulation of tritium in environmental objects.

Introduction. The combined impact of unfavorable factors of the production environment in miners leads to the development of associated pathology of the bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular systems, the predisposition to which depends on the individual susceptibility of the body. In this regard, it is important to comprehensively study the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the formation and course of occupational and work-related diseases for a personalized approach to the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of this pathology.

The purpose of this study was to study the mechanisms of damage to the cardiovascular system in miners with dust lung pathology on the basis of morphological and genetic studies.

Materials and methods. For genetic studies, venous blood drawing was conducted in 190 Kuzbass miners. The main group included 126 miners of the main professions with the previously proven diagnosis "dust lung pathology", the comparison group consisted of 64 workers without a proven diagnosis working in similar sanitary and hygienic conditions. Morphometric studies were carried out using autopsy material obtained during 80 forensic medical examinations of miners in the Kemerovo region. All the miners were divided into 4 groups depending on their underground work experience. The control group was formed from 20 cases of forensic medical examinations of men who died in road accidents and did not have organ pathology according to the results of autopsies.

Results. The study of the autopsy material revealed the presence of morphostructural changes in the vascular walls of the miners’ hearts in the form of hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells of the medial layers, thickening of the endothelial lining, and the development of fibroplastic changes in the perivascular zones. These changes began to form from the first years of work in the underground conditions and progressed with increasing work experience contributing to the "recalibration" of the heart vessels with the formation of the lumen "obstruction". One of the mechanisms of endothelial damage in miners was a change in the expression of the EDN1 gene, which regulates the synthesis of endothelin-1. The risk and resistance genotypes of the development of dust lung pathology for the rs5370 polymorphism of the EDN1 gene were identified. Morphostructural rearrangement of the endothelium in the combination with its pathological activation contributed to the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction in miners.

Conclusions. The conducted studies of the parameters of the vascular endothelium indicate its key role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular pathology in miners of the main professions. Getting into the body of workers, particles of coal-rock dust lead to morphostructural rearrangement of the cells of the endothelial layer and its pathological activation. The contribution of molecular and genetic mechanisms to the development of occupational lung pathology and associated diseases of the circulatory system in miners is revealed.

Introduction. There are currently several works in the scientific literature devoted to studying the influence of working conditions on mobile agricultural machinery on the occupational morbidity of workers on the example of individual regions. Still, Russian Federation did not conduct such studies before.

The study aims to analyze working conditions and current trends in the formation of occupational pathology when working on mobile agricultural machinery in the Russian Federation.

Materials and methods. The paper uses the results of long-term sanitary-hygienic and ergonomic studies of working conditions when working on mobile agricultural machinery and data on the level of occupational morbidity (PZ) of farmworkers of the Russian Federation in 2011-2017.

Results. Microclimatic discomfort, dustiness and gas contamination of the working area air, industrial noise, general and local vibration, physical overload, forming harmful operating conditions (classes 3.2–3.4), occupational risk categories from medium to very high characterize working on mobile agriculture machinery. From 2011 to 2017, researchers have identified 960 agricultural machine operators with 1052 occupational diseases in the Russian Federation, formed mainly under the influence of physical factors and physical overloads.

In the nosological structure of occupational diseases (OD), the first place is occupied by vibration disease (VD), the second by radiculopathy (RP), and the third by sensorineural hearing loss. Researchers characterize the current trends in the nosological structure by a significant increase in the prevalence of radiculopathy against the background of a decrease in diagnosis cases of vibration disease.

Conclusions. Working conditions when working on mobile agricultural machinery remain harmful and pose a high risk of developing occupational radiculopathy, vibration disease and sensorineural hearing loss. It should be taken into account when developing measures to prevent occupational pathology for agricultural machine operators.

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a serious psychological impact on healthcare workers. There is an operational restructuring of medical institutions, the working conditions practically correspond to an emergency situation. Every day, medical workers receive a huge amount of new information in the form of orders, guidelines. This creates an additional load in the form of continuous "information noise". The problem of emotional burnout of doctors was acute even before the COVID-19 pandemic. According to numerous studies in different countries, almost half of doctors have high rates of emotional burnout, which is two times higher than those of the population employed in other areas of professional activity.

The aim of the study is to review the theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation and development of emotional burnout in medical personnel during an increased epidemic threshold for a new coronavirus infection.

The paper provides an analysis of literary sources devoted to the problem of burnout syndrome in medical workers presented in the Scientific electronic library eLibrary, as well as in the English-language textual database of medical and biological publications PubMed.

The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with many reasons that can adversely affect the formation and development of emotional burnout in medical personnel during an increased epidemic threshold for a new coronavirus infection.

The provoking factors of the burnout syndrome (professional burnout) are the organizational factor (high workload, lack and shortage of PPE, insufficient (at the first stage) accumulated knowledge about the new coronavirus infection COVID-19); feeling of safety, threat and risk of infection; social isolation.