The solution of modern problems of occupational health and human ecology not only gives the possibility of implementating measures aimed at improving the health of workers, but also determines the future quality of life of the population. Implementation of basic research focused on the study of the pathogenesis of leading occupational and environmentally related diseases, and the development of scientific and practical measures to improve methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention remain the main activities of the Institute and meet the priorities of the strategy of scientific and technological development of the country and the key objectives of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation from May 7, 2018.
The results of long-term studies of the Institute on the infl uence of a number of toxicants (mercury, lead, vinyl chloride and a complex of toxic neurotropic substances formed in fi res) allowed for the fi rst time to develop scientifi c and methodological bases for modeling toxic encephalopathy. Th e features of the formation of violations of bioelectric activity of the brain, revealed violations of metabolic and myogenic mechanisms of regulation of cerebral blood fl ow and elastic-tonic properties of arteries. Studies have allowed to develop a classifi cation of intoxication complex neurotropic toxic substances, methods of predicting their development. Presents a study of possibility of formation in persons with chronic mercury intoxication as an independent professional disease — ophthalmoergonomics. Proved the concept of autoimmunological progressive course occupational toxic encephalopathy. For the fi rst time it was established that silver nanoparticles encapsulated in a natural polymer matrix — arabinogalactan — can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and persist for a long time in the nervous tissue, causing progressive morphological and functional disorders of its cellular and intracellular organization. Th e necessity to develop new methodological approaches to the assessment of safety. An experimental model for the evaluation of neurotoxic properties of nanocomposites has been developed.
When studying the eff ect of vibration on the body, it was found that in patients with vibration disease in the post-contact period (aft er the termination of work with a vibration tool), previously formed foci of pathological activity and changes in bioelectric activity with interhemispheric asymmetry persist for a long time. Th e General regularities of changes in the Central aff erent conductive structures and peripheral nerves caused by neurochemical shift s in certain specialized structures of the nervous tissue were establis hed. Th e article presents materials on the impact of industrial emissions on the morbidity of children. When studying the response of the adaptive reactions of the organism to the immune chronic exposure revealed the gradual changes in the indices of immunity.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Introduction. One of the stages of the pathogenesis of the toxic eff ect of carbon tetrachloride is the formation of compounds of reactive oxygen species with DNA, leading to the modifi cation of nitrogenous bases. The frequency of formation of nucleotides modifi ed by nitrogenous bases correlates with the number of single-and double-chain breaks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. The initiator of the formation of active forms of oxygen and lipid peroxidation in liver cells upon receipt of carbon tetrachloride is a trichloromethyl radical formed during biotransformation by microsomal enzymes of cytochrome P450.
The aim of the study was to analyze the changes in the genotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in hepatocytes at normal and increased activity of cytochrome P450 caused by the infl uence of an inductor (sovol).
Materials and methods. Evaluation of genotoxicity is performed by the method of DNA-comets aft er gavage with carbon tetrachloride culture of mouse hepatocytes МН22а in 96-well microplates without the induction of cytochrome P450 and chemical induction of cytochrome P450 by sovol. Determination of DNA content in comet tail (%), comet tail length (μm) and tail moment was performed in ImageJ 1.48. Statistical analysis of the results was performed in the program SPSS Statistics 21.
Results: Experimental data on the genotoxic eff ect of carbon tetrachloride on hepatocytes of the MN–22A cell line without induction of cytochrome P450 and chemical induction of cytochrome P450 by sovol are presented. It was found that 0.5 mm solution of carbon tetrachloride in 1 hour aft er addition to the culture medium is genotoxic for hepatocytes MH–22a without the use of sovol (p<0.001). Th e lack of determined using the method of DNA-comet signs of genotoxicity of 5 mm carbon tetrachloride (p>0.05) in the culture medium, probably due to the transition of the cells into a state of parametros. Genotoxic eff ect is not detected by DNA comet aft er 3 and 24 hours of incubation of hepatocytes MN–22A with 0.5 and 5 mm solutions of carbon tetrachloride without preincubation with sovol (p>0.05), which may indicate repair of the damage. Aft er 72 hours of preliminary incubation of hepatocytes with sovol and the followin g four-hour cell priming with 2.5 mm tetrachloromethane solution, higher values of the parameters of DNA comets are observed than when seeding with tetrachloromethane without incubation with sovol (p<0.05).
Conclusions: According to the results of the study 72 hours of cytochrome P450 induction by sovol increases the genotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in vitro, compared with 24 h of inductor exposure, which may indirectly indicate a higher level of formed reactive oxygen species caused by increased activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Introduction. Prevention of occupation hearing loss should be based on mathematical models and computational methods to predict changes in hearing thresholds (HT) with age and under the action of noise on the hearing organ. There is an urgent need for quantitative methods to determine the health risk of exposure to noise above 80 dBA.
The aim of the study was to determine the group excessive risk of hearing loss (ERHL) under the action of noise using the model of the third edition of ISO 1999.
Materials and methods. Developed technology for the determination of the HT model, the third edition of ISO 1999, depending on the gender, age, length of service and experienced noise exposure on the basis of the related sett lement tables MSExcell for population percentiles 1 to 99% in 1% step.
Results. With the use of the developed technology, the initial data were determined and the main indicators of the group risk of hearing loss at the levels of criteria for the diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss (SNT) were calculated. Th eir dependences on age, length of service and noise level are calculated.
Conclusions: Th e developed technology allows us to calculate the probable hearing thresholds of the quantile of the population exposed to and unaff ected by noise and the magnitude of the group excess risk.
The aim of the study is to study the association of vitamin D and testosterone levels in railway workers in the presence of concomitant risk factors: smoking and abdominal obesity.
Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with inpatient profi le (form 003/s) for the period from 01.01.2016 to 31.12.2018, treated in the Scientifi c Advisory Center /SAC/ N «Russian Railways», Moscow. Among these medical records were randomly selected 60? of these, 30 were without signs of central obesity and 30 were with signs of central obesity. The criterion for central obesity were waist circumference of 102 cm or more. The results of biochemical studies, plasma content of free testosterone and vitamin D, as well as indications of whether the patient smokes or not were writt en out. The mean age was 45,3±9.0 years; body mass index (BMI) was 38,1±7.4 kg/m2.
Results. Th e presence of abdominal obesity and Smoking were factors that were independently or in combination associated (p<0.05) with changes in glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, testosterone, and vitamin D. Both abdominal obesity and smoking were associated with increased levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and triglycerides, as well as decreased testosterone and vitamin D. Th e χ2 method has been shown that low testosterone levels are observed against the background of low plasma concentrations of vitamin D mainly in smokers, and high testosterone levels against the background of high vitamin D content — in non-smokers. Similarly, against the background of central obesity, low testosterone levels are associated with low vitamin D. signifi cant (p<0.05) weight correlations with triglyceride levels (0.50); waist circumferences with triglyceride levels (0.53), glucose and glycated hemoglobin (0.59), cholesterol, and LDL (0.93) were found.
Conclusion: Th e simultaneous reduction of vitamin D and testosterone levels, the most typical for smokers and for those with signs of abdominal obesity, requires more att ention fr om endocrinologists.
FOR THE PRACTICAL MEDICINE
The topic of healthy workplace is part of the Austrian health targets. The 10 Austrian health targets were developed with the aim to prolong the healthy life years of all people living in Austria within 20 years (until 2032), irrespective of their level of education, income or personal living condition. Th e 10 health targets were offi cially approved by the Bundesgesundheitskommission and the Council of Ministers in summer 2012. Th ey were mentioned in two government programs and are an important basis for the health reform process. Th e fi rst health target focuses on provide health-promoting living and working conditions for all population groups through cooperation of all societal and political areas. Healthy working conditions are a relevant determinant for health and at the focus of health politics in Austria.
Developing a national strategy for healthy workplaces is thereby the most infl uential activity that is set by the Ministry of Labour, Social Aff airs, Health and Consumer Protection and Social Security Institutions. Th e main aim of this strategy is to develop an integrated system, in order to achieve the needs of the people and companies.
In Austria exists the system of employee protection, which has two specifi c aspects which the other sectors do not have: 1. Employee protection (a legal duty for companies, which means that companies have to fulfi ll the legal requirements), health promotion and reintegration (voluntary for the enterprises). 2. The Fulfi lment of the le gal requirements is controlled by federal institutions — the Labour Inspection. The Duties of these two Institutions are defi ned by federal law and focus mainly on technical protection, working conditions and which is new since 2015 on mental workloads. Health promotion is regulated by diff erent kinds of legal sources at the federal level. Concerning workplace health promotion the two biggest and most important stakeholders are the Network of Workplace Health promotion which is mostly driven by health insurance and the Funds healthy Austria.
In Austria exists the national Program “Fit2work”, which is responsible for reintegration at workplaces. Th is National Program is fi nanced by Accident Insurance, Health Insurance, Pension Insurance, Employment Service, unemployment insurance, Ministry of Social and Labour and off ers services for individuals and companies.
Also, the key element of the network is the quality-assurance-system, which is well accepted and established in Austria. However modern companies need integrated services that would combine workplace health promotion with employee protection and occupational integration management. These three fields have different legal bases in Austria and are implemented by diff erent institutions now, which is why there is a need for additional collaborations and networks.
According to the frequency and prevalence of gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD) ranks fi rst in a number of gastroenterological diseases. GERD can lead to serious complications and a signifi cant reduction in the quality of life (QL). Agricultural workers (AW) are at risk for the development of GERD, as their typical working and living conditions are provoking and/or aggravating risk factors for the development of this disease.
The aim of the study is to study the impact of GERD on the quality of life of agricultural workers.
The study included 98 patients with GERD and 140 conditionally healthy individuals. To assess the quality of life, a nonspecifi c SF–36 questionnaire was used.
As a result of a one-time study found that workers AW statistically signifi cantly lower indicators of «General health» (GH), «pain index» (PI), «life activity» (LA) and «mental health» (MH) compared with the data of representatives of working professions who live in the city.
With increasing age, there is a decrease in QL, especially GH and PI, while the indicator of «social functioning» (SF) reaches the maximum values in the age group from 51 to 60 years.
Comparison of QL indices in the groups of patients with GERD and conditionally healthy AW workers allowed to establish a statistically signifi cant diff erence in all parameters characterizing mental health, as well as in the indicators of GH and «physical functioning» (PF). It is characteristic that the indicators of the Russian Federation and the PI had no statistically signifi cant diff erence between the groups of observations. Statistically signifi cant strong correlation was revealed between the age of AW workers, patients with GERD, and indicators of PI and LA, statistically signifi cant moderate correlation — between the age and indicators of GH, PF, «role functioning» (RF) and «emotional state» (ES).
For healthy workers of AW is characterized by a signifi cant decrease in QL compared with workers living in the city, while in patients with GERD decrease in QL is accompanied mainly by a violation of the mental subsphere. When studying the quality of life of patients should take into account the infl uence of not only the studied disease, but also medical and social factors.
The problem of early prevention of functional disorders, fatigue in the learning process, work activities and methods of correction (stay of employees and students in the rooms of psychological relief, decorated with magnesia-shungite and potassium materials) are currently an important and relevant part of the scientifi c support of educational activities of persons of intellectual labor.
The psychophysiological substantiation of effi ciency of use of relaxation in the shungite room of workers of neuro-emotional mental work and stay in sylvinite educational audience of students is given.
Hygienic assessment of labor intensity by hazard class was carried out in accordance with the Guidelines 2.2.2006.05. Production psychophysiological studies were aimed at determining the physiological characteristics of the functional state of the Central nervous (CNS) and cardiovascular (CV) systems using conventional methods (conducted in the room of psychological relief). Psychological studies included an assessment of the level of anxiety on the Spielberger test. A total of about 150 people aged 32.00±1.15 years with work experience in the profession of 10.00±0.99 years were examined. Th e study in the sylvinite classroom was att ended by 92 senior students of both sexes aged 22–25 years. All students were divided into two groups: the observation group — 56 students who were trained in sylvinite classroom, and the comparison group — 36 students who were engaged in a normal classroom.
Physiological studies have confi rmed the positive impact of a complex of hygienic factors of the internal environment of sylvinite audience on the state of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of students. Th e features of the positive infl uence of schungite room (SR) leading to CNS functions in workers with diff erent intensity of work. Recovery in the SR to a greater extent increase the levels of att ention function, speed of signal perception and short-term memory in workers with high neuro-emotional labor intensity.
It is shown that an important property of shungite correction is an increase in the activity of CNS functions at a high degree of labor intensity. In students in the process of performing intense mental work features of the formation of the functional state and per formance are closely related to the increase in the area of the salt surface.
BRIEF REPORTS
Long-term statistical observations record the highest occupational morbidity in the Kemerovo region in comparison with the data for the Russian Federation as a whole. The article deals with the problems of General and occupational diseases, as well as industrial injuries of miners of coal mines of the Kemerovo region. Hypothesis of the study: technical re-equipment and technological improvements in the coal enterprises of the Kemerovo region will reduce the rates of General and occupational morbidity, as well as reduce injuries in the workplace. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship of General, occupational morbidity and occupational injuries with working conditions in coal enterprises.
For statistical analysis, data on General, occupational morbidity, domestic and industrial injuries in the Coal company «Kuzbassrazrezugol» were used. Five groups of harmful production factors were studied: geological, technological, economic, environmental and social. Spearman correlation analysis was used to study the relationship. The extrapolation method was used to determine the stability of the identified dynamics. The interrelation of these parameters with harmful conditions of the production environment is revealed. The forecast of changes in the studied indicators under the influence of technical re-equipment and modernization of production is constructed. Statistical methods of extrapolation and correlation are applied. The Spearman coefficient for each pair of indicators is calculated and the forecast is constructed using a polynomial trend line.
The following harmful production factors act on workers engaged in technological processes when conducting open-pit mining: increased levels of noise and vibration, infrasound, pollution of the atmosphere with coal dust and aerosols, unfavorable operating conditions. Th ese factors contribute to the formation of occupational diseases. Th ere is a reliable feedback between these features, and the increase in investment in the modernization of production will re duce the adverse impact on workers of environmental conditions.
The common methods of rapid implementation of commissioning of low-power private production should include the development of entrepreneurs on the basis of lease/purchase of empty industrial buildings, previously operating as part of an industrial facility located in the existing industrial area and represented or individual enterprises, or complex production of various industrial orientation, or provided for the reconstruction of a private enterprise already operating in a particular technogenic zone with an increase in its capacity.
The possibility of placing diversifi ed industrial enterprises in a functioning industrial complex with the justifi cation of excluding the probability of the impact of industrial emissions of each of the newly placed or reconstructed facilities on the quality of products manufactured for the needs of the population is considered.
The technical level of future production, the envisaged measures to prevent the formation and capture of air pollutants in General meet modern requirements for the safety of enterprises and for workers and for the population, the optimization of working conditions.
Improvement of professional reliability and development of means of prevention of overstrain of workers of nervous and stressful work, including locomotive drivers, is an important problem of physiology of work.
On the basis of complex researches of reasonable measures of corrective and restorative nature to improve the reliability of knowledge workers is hard work depending on the degree of hazard factors of the labor process.
A complex of psychophysiological research methods was used, including a professional graphic analysis of labour activities. Physiological studies of the functional stress of the body include an assessment of the characteristics of the Central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Subjective assessment of the state and strength of the motive was carried out on the test «Health, activity, mood» (SAN). Th e objects of research were employees of various professional groups. 3 groups of workers of locomotive crews are allocated: «unreliable», «conditionally reliable», «reliable». Th e age structure of the examined persons is 30–50 years, the experience is 5–15 years (about 500 people were examined in total). Th e results were processed by methods of variation statistics.
The results of testing the eff ectiveness of the complex of psychological, pedagogical and psychotherapeutic tools to improve the reliability of employees of locomotive crews are presented. For the prevention of overstrain, various modes of work and rest and means of correction of the functional state of workers of neuro-emotional mental work are proposed and tested. Th e study of the eff ectiveness of corrective-restorative means of improving the reliability of railway workers, which allowed to achieve improvements in the performance of functional, personal and professional reliability of workers of locomotive crews. Th e developed measures aimed at preventing the development of overstrain in employees of neuro-emotional mental work signifi cantly reduce the «physiolog ical cost» of work, which is manifested by the lack of increase in the degree of tension of the body systems and the later development of fatigue.
ISSN 2618-8945 (Online)
