Introduction. Currently, the production of medicines, including those with antimicrobial properties, is expanding at chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises. However, scientific approaches to hygienic regulation of the content of specific antimicrobials in the air of the work area are not yet available.

The study aims to substantiate approaches to predicting approximate safe levels of exposure (ASLE) to substances with a specific antimicrobial effect.

Materials and methods. The scientists have carried out the research in two stages. The first stage is an experimental study of the single inhalation effect of an antibiotic clarithromycin at concentrations of 54.2; 25.4; 15.3; 9.1; 2.8 and 0.9 mg/m³ on mongrel female rats weighing 230–250 g. The authors have evaluated the indicators of toxic (morphological and functional parameters of the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, biochemical parameters of the liver and kidneys, as well as the composition of peripheral blood) and specific effects (qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota of the large intestine of rats).

The second stage was the analysis of the database on hygienic rationing of chemicals, which consisted in searching for hygienic standards (ASLE, MPC), threshold concentrations for the general toxic (Lim_int) and specific (Lim_bact) effects of antimicrobials.

Results. During the experiment, experts have established the threshold of acute inhalation exposure (Lim_{ac int}) of clarithromycin at a concentration of 25.4 mg/m³ according to the total toxic effects (peripheral blood counts, liver and kidney function). When exposed to an antibiotic at a concentration of 2.8 mg/m³, there was an imbalance of the intestinal microflora in the absence of a general toxic effect, which indicated a specific and selective antimicrobial effect of the drug.

Based on the analysis of literature data, the parameters of toxicometry of 21 substances with antimicrobial effect were determined, their representative sample was justified and its regression analysis was carried out.

Conclusion. Based on experimental and literary data, the authors established a significantly strong correlation (r=0.729) between the values of MPC (ASLE) and the threshold of antimicrobial action (Lim_bact). They also developed a mathematical equation to predict safe levels of antimicrobials based on their specific and selective activity.

Ethics. The experimental study was conducted in compliance with the necessary regulations (Helsinki Declaration of 2013, GOST 33044-2014 "Principles of good laboratory practice"; Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 188n dated 04/01/2016 "Rules of good laboratory practice"). The protocol of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov" of the Ministry of Health, Russian Federation.

Contribution:
Sheina N.I. — research concept and design, writing, editing;
Bidevkina M.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical data processing, text writing;
Golubeva M.I. — material collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing, editing;
Budanova E.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical data processing, text writing, editing.

Funding. The study had no funding. Proactive research work.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 28.03.2024 / Accepted: 24.04.2024 / Published: 20.05.2024

Introduction. One of the leading places in the structure of socially significant diseases in the Russian Federation is occupied by malignant neoplasms, among which cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lung occupies the first place in terms of prevalence. Screening for lung cancer is not carried out at the federal level in Russia; recommended screening measures include questionnaires to identify risk factors for the development of the disease (including occupational) and the formation of dispensary observation groups.

The study aims to assess the prognostic value of a new method of biohybrid screening of lung cancer by exhaled air.

Materials and methods. Scientists conducted a study at the National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health, Russian Federation, with the participation of 24 conditionally healthy volunteers and 5 patients diagnosed with lung cancer in the early stages of the disease. The design of the study is simultaneous (on-line) with blinding; experts estimated the risk of systematic errors at 10 points on the QUADAS scale. The authors examined exhaled air samples on a gas analyzer (biohybrid detector) of the BGS-APK 02SZZ model, in which the sensor were animals — gray domesticated rats (Rattus norvegicus) with microelectrode matrices implanted into the olfactory bulb, and which were in the internal (ventilated) space of the analyzer in a state of drug anesthesia. The conclusion about the presence or absence of a risk of lung cancer was formed by an artificial neural network of the analyzer, at the input of which bioelectric signals from each microelectrode were received, which were preprocessed using a system for recording the focal activity of the olfactory analyzer. The specialists confirmed the presence or absence of a risk of lung cancer by a reference method, according to computed tomography of the chest in accordance with the Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System (LungRADS™).

Results. During the study, experts determined the effectiveness indicators of the method of biohybrid lung cancer screening by exhaled air: sensitivity (64%), specificity (87%), prognosticality of negative and positive conclusions about the presence/absence of disease risk (82% and 72%, respectively).

Conclusion. The safety, efficiency and throughput of the investigated method, together with the reproducibility of the analyzer's conclusions, meet the criteria of practicability to ensure the first (population-based) stage of lung cancer screening.

Contribution:
Drokin A.A. — research design, data collection and processing;
Maksimov A.Yu. — research design, data collection and processing;
Matukhno A.E. — data collection and processing;
Medvedev D.S. — data collection and processing, text writing;
Kiroy V.N. — the concept and design of the study, text editing;
Kovtun A.L. — the concept and design of the study, text editing;
Kosenko P.O. — data collection and processing, text writing;
Lysenko L.V. — data collection and processing;
Savolyuk A.V. — data collection and processing;
Shepelev I.E. — data collection and processing;
Arsenyev F.V. — the concept and design of research, data collection and processing, text writing.

Ethics. The research was conducted in accordance with the Protocol of the Bioethics Commission of the Southern Federal University dated 05/11/2018 and the Minutes of the meeting of the Ethics Council dated 12/05/2016 No. 13.

Funding. The research was carried out with the support of the Foundation for Advanced Studies, Agreement No. 6/112/2017‑2020, and the Strategic Academic Leadership Program of the Southern Federal University ("Priority 2030").

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 17.03.2024 / Accepted: 02.04.2024 / Published: 20.05.2024

Introduction. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) against pathogenic biological agents (PBA) by medical workers in microbiological laboratories is a mandatory requirement for infectious safety, however, low or absent air and vapor permeability of these PPE and their elements can contribute to disruption of the functional and thermal state.

The aim of the study is a physiological and hygienic assessment of PPE against pathogenic pathogens based on indicators of the thermal state of the body when modeling the professional activities of microbiological laboratory workers.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of personal protective equipment and industrial exoskeletons of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health on 12 practically healthy individuals — male and female medical workers while simulating work activities and sanitary and epidemiological requirements for a microbiological laboratory.

Results. The values of skin and body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and blood oxygen saturation levels obtained in the dynamics of the study made it possible to determine the degree of stress in the thermal and functional state of the body of medical workers. The indicators obtained during the experiment were assessed in accordance with current regulatory documents. A number of thermal state indicators obtained during the study had statistically significant differences from their initial values at p<0.05.

Conclusions. When using personal protective equipment against pathogenic pathogens under comfortable microclimatic conditions, an increase in some criterion indicators of the examined individuals was noted, in particular to the upper limit of permissible values of thermal state, which indicates the leading influence of PPE on the thermoregulation of the body and necessitates a reduction in the process of production activities and requires limiting the maximum duration of a work shift under given conditions is three hours, followed by a break to restore the thermal state and water-salt balance.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with ethical principles and norms, an extract from the minutes of the meeting of the local ethics committee No. 9 dated 11/23/2022 was obtained.

Contribution:
Konyukhov A.V. — concept and design of research, data collection and processing, text writing;
Shuporin E.S. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, editing;
Ivanov I.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Burmistrova O.V. — writing, editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 12.03.2024 / Accepted: 10.04.2024 / Published: 20.05.2024

Introduction. The health of employees of the Russian law enforcement agencies is one of the factors of the success of their professional activities. The activities of law enforcement officers often take place in an extreme situation, due to the suddenness of emergency situations, lack of time to make decisions, a high degree of responsibility for the lives of other people, and the intensity of physical and psycho-emotional overloads. Therefore, at present, the problem of professional health of employees of law enforcement agencies is attracting attention.

The study aims to assess the factors of professional activity and health status of employees of individual law enforcement agencies of the Kaliningrad region.

Materials and methods. Using the random sampling method, the researchers formed three groups from among employees Using the random sampling method, the researchers formed three groups from among employees of the internal affairs bodies and the Federal Service of the National Guard Troops who are on medical care at the Federal Medical Institution "Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Kaliningrad region." The experts analyzed the registration form No. 025/u (medical card of a patient receiving outpatient medical care) of these groups of employees of individual law enforcement agencies of the Kaliningrad region.

Results. Chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and injuries are the dominant pathology of employees of the law enforcement agencies of the Kaliningrad region who are on medical care at the Federal Medical Institution "Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Kaliningrad region." Along with acute respiratory diseases, which most often lead to temporary disability, the above pathology causes a prolonged absence of employees in the relevant units, which makes it difficult to fulfill the assigned service and combat tasks to ensure law and order.

Conclusion. Extreme factors of service in the vast majority of cases have a negative impact on the health of persons performing service and combat missions. The dominant pathology of employees is chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue and injuries.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with medical confidentiality.

Contribution:
Rubanova O.I. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Lavrentiev A.V. — data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Shostak P.G. — data collection and processing;
Pershin S.E. — editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interesst. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 09.04.2024 / Accepted: 17.04.2024 / Published: 20.05.2024

Introduction. Advanced personal protective equipment (PPE) against low temperatures is a high–tech product created using the latest achievements of science, design designs, ergonomic, aesthetic solutions that determine its thermal protection properties. The use of membrane materials in PPE from low temperatures allows them to combine low weight and high thermal protection properties, low air permeability and sufficient vapor permeability necessary to ensure heat and moisture exchange between humans and the environment.

The study aims to determine the thermal protection properties of various sets of multilayer workwear and indicators of heat and moisture exchange of volunteers when modeling professional activity at low air temperature.

Materials and methods. The authors have conducted a study in a microclimatic chamber with the participation of six practically healthy male volunteers. The researchers have determined the thermal protection properties of multilayer workwear of various configurations in accordance with GOST R 12.4.185-99 and MUK 4.3.1894-04. As test samples, they have used pipes of three different configurations to protect against low temperatures, wind, water, general industrial pollution and mechanical influences, as well as short-term exposure to open fire. The assessment of heat and moisture exchange indicators of various PPE configurations was carried out by specialists when modeling work activities with measurements of the relative humidity level in the layers of the kits and the level of accumulated moisture in each element of the PPE.

Results. The authors have determined the values of thermal insulation of the studied materials and the scope of their application. To assess heat and moisture exchange, two samples of PPE were selected, made using membrane and cotton fabrics with similar thermal insulation values. The analysis of the results of studies of moisture exchange indicators showed a slightly lower efficiency of moisture evaporation of the control sample. The indicator of the relative humidity of the air under the shelter space and between the layers of the package of materials and clothing has shown its informative significance for assessing the effectiveness of moisture transfer from the surface of the human body to the environment.

Conclusion. The results of a physiological and hygienic assessment of a set of multilayer clothing made of membrane materials have shown that various combinations of its constituent elements make it possible to create kits that provide adequate protection for an employee in a wide range of air temperatures and wind speeds. The use of membrane materials in combination with structural elements (ventilation openings) provides a more efficient transfer of moisture from the skin surface to the external environment, as evidenced by the values of the relative humidity index of the air under the clothing space and between the layers of clothing.

Ethics. The study was approved by the local Ethical committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (Minutes of the meeting No. 6 dated 07/20/12).

Contribution:
Shuporin E.S. — concept and design of research, data collection and processing;
Losik T.K. — writing, editing;
Burmistrova O.V. — data collection and processing, text writing, editing;
Konyukhov A.V. — data collection and processing, text writing, editing;
Vaga I.N. — data collection and processing.
All co-authors — are approving the final version of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 03.04.2024 / Accepted: 11.04.2024 / Published: 20.05.2024

Non-drug methods include acupuncture, the most effective way to regulate the body's energy system. Pulsed magnetic stimulation (PMS) is based on the application of the principles of electromagnetic induction, causes hyperpolarization or depolarization of nerve cells. The methods are practically not used in the clinic of occupational diseases, and their effectiveness in the treatment of vibration disease (VD) has not been established.

The study aims to evaluate changes in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves, as well as in the psychological status of patients with vibration disease after sessions of acupuncture and pulsed magnetic stimulation.

Using the acupuncture method, 24 male patients were treated with a diagnosis of VD associated with exposure to local vibration (average age 49.9±3.8 years, average length of service — 19.4±4.3 years), PMS — 24 people with a diagnosis of VD associated with exposure to local vibration (average age 48.8±3.4 years, average length of service — 18.1±3.4 years).

The treatment methods performed made it possible to improve the quality of therapy, which was confirmed by a positive change in the indicators of visual and somatosensory evoked potentials, data from electroneuromyographic studies, vibration sensitivity and algesimetry, the state of the mnestic and attentional spheres of activity improved.

The use of the acupuncture method allowed to improve the indicators of bioelectric activity of the brain: the amplitude of the peak N1 of visual evoked potentials increased (from 3.2 to 6.7 MV, p<0.05), the latency of the peak P200 decreased from 178.0 to 142.5 ms, p<0.05. The threshold of pain sensitivity on the zygomatic bone, on the phalanx of the 2^nd finger of the hand and on the protruding part of the inner ankle decreased by 63, 125 and 250 Hz, p<0.05. Vibration sensitivity improved (on the ulnar process, phalanx of 2 fingers of the hand, p<0.01, on the tubercle of the tibia, p<0.05).

Magnetic stimulation contributed to the improvement of cerebral changes in the treated patients — the latency of auditory evoked potentials decreased (p<0.03 for peak P1 and p<0.05 for peak P2), the amplitude of visual evoked potentials increased (p<0.05), the bioelectric activity of the occipital lobes of the brain increased. The duration of the afferent excitation wave at the level of the cervical region (latency N11 and N13, p<0.05) and thalamic structures (latency P25, p<0.05) increased.

Non-drug therapy allowed to restore the time of excitation by the motor component of axons in patients on the upper extremities during acupuncture, on the upper and lower extremities during treatment with magnetic stimulation (p<0.05), improved indicators characterizing the mnestic-attentional and psychoemotional spheres of the treated.

Ethics. Conclusion of the MEС of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "East Siberian Institute of Medical and Environmental Research" No. 32 dated 09/10/2019.

Funding. The funding was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment for Fundamental and exploratory scientific research. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 09.04.2024 / Accepted: 11.04.2024 / Published: 20.05.2024

In the Russian Federation, genitourinary tuberculosis ranks third in the structure of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Timely recognition of genitourinary tuberculosis is usually difficult.

The authors analyzed a case of occupational infection with tuberculosis of the genitourinary system by a phthisiologist. The clinical observation ended with a clinical cure for tuberculosis of the genitourinary system, however, with the outcome in chronic prostatitis, chronic post-tuberculosis pyelonephritis with the development of chronic kidney disease.

It is shown that the timely establishment of a connection between urinary syndrome and epidemiological, including professional anamnesis, contributes to the timely establishment of the professional nature of the disease. With untimely diagnosis and late initiation of treatment of tuberculosis of the genitourinary system, serious complications can develop up to the destruction of the kidney with complete loss of its function, which leads to disability and loss of ability to work.

If tuberculosis of the genitourinary system is suspected, experts recommend conducting a study of urine sediment, prostate secretion to determine the deoxyribonucleic acid of mycobacterium tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. Any doubt in case of nonspecific inflammation of the genitourinary system should be interpreted in favor of tuberculosis with further in-depth examination and dynamic monitoring.

Contribution:
Arkhipov E.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Garipova R.V. — writing the text, editing;
Nasybullina R.T. — writing the text.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 06.04.2024 / Accepted: 11.04.2024 / Published: 20.05.2024