Introduction. According to the literature data, the method of liquid ventilation for the prevention of decompression sickness (DCS) was proposed only with the condition of its initiation before compression, that excluded the physical basis of the disease — an excess of metabolically indifferent gas in the tissues. However, as the analysis shows, in most cases, the evacuation of the crew of an emergency submarine is aggravated by being in gases’ increased pressure environment. So the casualty tissues become obviously saturated with indifferent gas.

Experimental confirmation of the possibility of rapid tissues’ desaturation of nitrogen during respiration by denitrogenizated and oxygenated in a normal conditions respiratory fluid (hereinafter — the method of liquid respiratory desaturation) was obtained on the biological model of DCS of Syrian hamsters.

The study aim is an experimental substantiation of the possibility to use liquid respiratory desaturation as a method of preventing the development of decompression disorders.

Materials and methods. Scientists have performed a study on 24 mature male Syrian hamsters weighing 165–185g, aged four months, using an experimental laboratory hyperbaric stand for temporary maintenance of small laboratory animals under high pressure of a gas or liquid medium with the possibility of switching from one medium to another in isobaric conditions.The research methodology is based on the assessment of the clinical presentation of decompression disorders and the results of ultrasound examination of gas formations in the heart, large veins and liver after the fast non-stop decompression, in the background of preliminary saturation of the animal's body with indifferent gas (nitrogen) by staying in the air under the pressure 0.6 MPa (60 MWC) for six hours. The effect on experimental groups animals deferens from the control group by the period of immersion and spontaneous breathing in the respiratory fluid (20, 30 and 40 minutes) before decompression.

Results. The authors analyzed the clinical picture of acute decompression disorders. The degree of gas formation in small laboratory animals was assessed by researchers using ultrasound using a semi-quantitative method. Spontaneous breathing with the prepared liquid, lasting 30 minutes or more, made it possible to remove excess nitrogen from the body of animals of experimental groups, providing etiopathogenetic prevention of DCS before decompression. The article presents the data of morphological studies.

Conclusion. Liquid respiratory desaturation is a method of preventing decompression disorders based on the removal of metabolically indifferent gases from the body during liquid respiration, in the presence of a stress gradient from tissues into the respiratory fluid. The method allows the metabolically indifferent gases' rapid desaturation from the body by liquid ventilation before/or during decompression, thereby creating conditions of ultra-fast decompression modes without the risk of decompression disorders.

Ethics. Studies involving laboratory animals were conducted in compliance with the following regulations: Helsinki Declaration of 2000 "On humane treatment of animals", Order of the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 755 of 12.08.1977 "Rules for carrying out work using experimental animals", Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia No. 199n of 01.04.2016 "On approval of the rules of laboratory practice". The protocol of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health.

Contribution:
Kotsky M.A. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Bonitenko E.Yu. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Tonshin A.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Rodchenkova P.V. — data collection and processing, conducting ultrasound research;
Muravskaya M.P. — data collection and processing;
Tkachuk Yu.V. — data collection and processing;
Kanibolotsky A.A. — conducting pathomorphological studies;
Kochoyan A.L. — conducting pathomorphological studies.

Funding. The study was funded by the Advanced Research Foundation, Moscow, Russian Federation.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 17.12.2022 / Accepted: 01.01.2023 / Published: 29.01.2023

Introduction. Diseases of cardiovascular system are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among the able-bodied population. There have been no studies of the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on cardiovascular mortality in Russian Railways.

The study aims to analyze the mortality of Russian Railways employees from diseases of the circulatory system during the COVID-19 pandemic with the working-age population of the Russian Federation.

Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of data obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2021). Information on the mortality of employees of JSC "Russian Railways" is formed on the basis of the data of the CHUZ of JSC "Russian Railways". Information about the natural movement of the working-age population was formed on the basis of data from the Unified State Register of Civil Status Records.

Results. During the pandemic, the mortality rate in JSC "Russian Railways" was 2.2 times lower compared to the working-age population of the country. Excess mortality by road polygons was different. The maximum mortality rate (3.4 per 1000 employees) was among employees of enterprises of central subordination, the minimum (2.1) was on the Northern Railway. 82.5% of deaths occurred in men, while the mortality rate among men is 2 times higher compared to women. The main cause of death of workers were diseases of the circulatory system (BSC) — 28.7%. The mortality rate from BSK in JSC "Russian Railways" was 0.656, which is 2.9 times lower than for the working-age population of Russia.

Conclusion. The study showed that under the conditions of a new coronavirus infection, the mortality rate from circulatory system diseases in Russian Railways employees is lower than in working-age population of Russia.

Ethics. We have carried out this study in accordance with the rules of good clinical practice and the Helsinki Declaration. The study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics committee.

Contribution:
Zhidkova E.A. — the concept and design of the study;
Kostenko N.L. — data collection;
Goryaev A.A. — data collection;
Shangin I.V. — data collection;
Popova I.A. — data analysis and interpretation;
Pankova V.B. — data analysis and interpretation;
Vilk M.F. — data analysis and interpretation;
Gurevich K.G. — the concept and design of the study, writing of the article, editing of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 17.11.2022 / Accepted: 12.12.2022 / Published: 29.01.2023

Introduction. Oncological diseases occupy the second place among the causes of mortality of the Russian population. In the age structure of the morbidity of the male and female population, the differences appear clearly after 30 years. The proportion of malignant neoplasms at the age of 30–49 years in the group of diseased women is higher than in the group of diseased men. This is the largest age group of active employees of the internal affairs bodies who have the necessary knowledge and skills to perform official duties, which determines the relevance of the study.

The study aims to assess the relationship between the quality and completeness of medical examinations with the structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms of current employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Kaliningrad region.

Materials and methods. The researchers have analyzed the accounting form No. 025/u (medical card of a patient receiving medical care on an outpatient basis) of patients with identified oncopathology for nine years (2013–2021). During this period, the Medical and Sanitary unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Kaliningrad region registered forty two cases of oncological diseases of active employees of the internal affairs bodies. Only a group of active employees were analyzed at the time of cancer detection.

Results. The study group consisted of twenty men and twenty two women. The average age of the patients is 42.6 years. Malignant neoplasms of the genitourinary sphere dominate among male employees (35%), among female employees — tumors of the reproductive system (68.2%). Moreover, in 63.6% of cases, tumors of the reproductive system of female employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Kaliningrad region are represented by breast cancer. Cases of cervical and uterine body cancer during the study period (2013–2021) were not detected in female employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Kaliningrad region.

Limitations. The data on the number of employees of the organization are closed, so the article presents only equity indicators.

Conclusion. Medical examination by military medical commissions of citizens entering the service of the internal affairs bodies allows the selection of mostly healthy people. The annual passage of preventive medical examinations, as the duty of current employees of the internal affairs bodies, ensures the observation and timely treatment of detected diseases, which helps to reduce the frequency of development of a number of forms of malignant neoplasms and changes the structure of cancer incidence. At the same time, there is a malignant pathology (breast cancer) in female employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Kaliningrad region, the frequency of formation of which cannot be reduced by the implementation of this algorithm, which forces us to resort to additional measures.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with medical secrecy.

Contribution:
Shostak P.G. — editing;
Rubanova O.I. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Lavrent'ev A.V. — data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Tikhonova G.I. — editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 27.11.2022 / Accepted: 28.11.2022 / Published: 29.01.2023

Introduction. Despite the technological modernization of the nickel industry, workers employed in it continue to be at increased risk of developing occupational pathology.

The study aims to assess occupational health risks in the electrolysis production of nickel according to the longitudinal epidemiological study.

Materials and methods. Experts have studied the data of workplace certification, periodic medical examination (2008) and the register of occupational diseases of the Murmansk region in 2009–2021.

Results. In 2008, scientists identified 3,744 chronic unprofessional diseases in 1,397 nickel electrolysis workers, among which the most common were diseases of the musculoskeletal system (23.0%). 41.9% of workers had a low, 17.7% — moderate, 16.7% — medium, 10.7% — high and 12.9% — very high category of risk for the development of professional pathology. During the next 13 years (2009-2021), the authors have diagnosed 201 chronic occupational diseases for the first time in 89 employees, mainly respiratory organs (58.7%) and musculoskeletal system (28.9%). In total, occupational diseases were formed in 6.4% of workers, including 13.6% of cleaners, 7.6% of repairmen, 6.6% of electrolyzers, 5.7% of crane drivers, 4.9% of hydrometallurgical apparatchiks and electricians. Occupational morbidity was 114.31 per 10,000 workers with the highest rates in cleaners (328.69). We have detected occupational diseases in 1.0% of workers with a low risk category, 2.8% with moderate, 6.8% with medium, 13.3% with high and 22.2% with very high.

Limitations. The impossibility of completely eliminating the possibility of diagnosing an occupational disease in workers who have dropped out of the observation group to other regions of the country.

Conclusion. Researchers have obtained new data on the formation of occupational pathology in the electrolysis production of nickel, taking into account the specialty of employees and the category of occupational risk.

Ethics. We carry out the study in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The protocol and design of the study were approved by the local committee of the North-Western Scientific Center for Hygiene and Public Health of 12.05.2021, Protocol No. 35.4.

Contribution:
Syurin S.A. — research concept and design, data collection and processing;
Vinnikov D.V. — text writing and editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 14.12.2022 / Accepted: 16.12.2023 / Published: 29.01.2023

Introduction. Every year, about 350 thousand people die in the workplace for reasons related to production all over the world. The significance of this problem dictates the need to analyze fatal occupational injuries in order to further develop a set of measures aimed at preventing it.

The study aims to analyze fatal occupational injuries at enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of personalized data as an information basis for the development and justification of priority areas for the prevention of accidents in the workplace.

Materials and methods. For analyzing the indicators of general occupational injuries and fatal injuries, we used the results of the all-Russian monitoring of labor conditions and safety of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, Russian Federation, analytical materials of labor conditions and safety of the Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period 2017–2020. To assess the completeness of the accounting of occupational injuries in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan, the researchers used the ILO methodology "On assessing the reliability of statistics of accidents at work in countries with imperfect accounting". Based on the materials of 177 Acts on the investigation of fatal accidents (Form 4) provided by the State Labor Inspectorate in the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period 2017–2020, we have studied the circumstances and causes of the death of workers at work, their professional status and age-length characteristics.

Results. The analysis of the dynamics of occupational injuries for 2017–2020 in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan showed a decrease in both total occupational injuries and fatal injuries, with a decrease in the frequency of worker deaths occurring at a faster pace. This provided an increase in the ratio of the total number of injuries to the number of fatal injuries, indicating an increase in the level of safety at enterprises and the quality of accounting for minor injuries. However, in 2020 the level of fatal industrial injuries in the Republic exceeded the same indicator in Russia by 25%. An in-depth analysis of fatal injuries based on accident investigation materials in the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2017–2020 showed that most often workers died in construction (0.77 per 1000 workers) and mining enterprises (0.75%) as a result of such types of accidents as traffic accidents, falling from a height, exposure to moving objects, flying rotating objects, parts, machines, etc. Specialists also observed a high level of fatal injuries in agriculture (0.58%), transport and storage enterprises (0.41%), water supply, sewerage (0.38%), etc. The main causes of fatal injuries were unsatisfactory organization of work (34.7%) and violation of traffic rules (29.2%). At the victim’s workplaces the researchers have identified a significant number of violations of labor protection requirements: the absence of special assessment of working conditions (SAWC), briefings and training on labor protection, violations of the work and rest regime, labor and industrial discipline, non-issuance of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the absence of mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations. Male workers were most often died (97.6%); in the profession of "driver"; at the age of 30–39 years. There is a very high proportion of victims with work experience of up to one year (44.6%). Almost 75% of the victims had less than 5 years of work experience. This indicates unsatisfactory training in occupational safety of newly hired workers, regardless of their age and previous experience at other enterprises.

Conclusion. The in-depth analysis of fatal injuries at enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan showed the need to develop a set of targeted occupational safety measures aimed at reducing the level of occupational injuries, taking into account the most traumatic types of economic activity, the most frequent types of accidents and causes of accidents. In addition, special attention should be paid to the training of safe methods and techniques for performing the work of low-skilled workers, as well as the organization of checking the knowledge of traffic rules among drivers of vehicles.

Contribution:
Shapoval I.V. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, text writing;
Karimova L.K. — data collection and processing, text writing, editing;
Tikhonova G.I. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Churanova A.N. — text writing;
Astrelina T.N. — the concept and design of the study;
Fagamova A.Z. — data collection and processing;
Muldasheva N.A. — text writing;
Larionova E.A. — data collection and processing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Received: 22.09.2022 / Accepted: 15.12.2022 / Published: 29.01.2023

Industrial vibration is one of the most common factors of the labor process that have a negative impact on the health of employees. The search and selection of sources to identify the features of the psychological state under the influence of vibration was carried out using bibliographic databases Scopus, MedLine, Web of Science, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, RSCI (Russian Science Citation Index), Cyberleninka. Data analysis has shown that there are relatively few studies of the psychological health of people working in contact with vibration, mainly they relate to clinical and paraclinical problems. The research results of domestic and foreign authors presented in the review indicate mental maladaptation, psychoemotional disorders, alexithymia, violations of the mnestic-attentional sphere and a low level of health-related quality of life, changes in psychoaffective status, the predominance of maladaptive coping strategies, destructive psychological defenses. In addition, the severity of pain, which are characteristic of vibration pathology, correlates with the severity of depression, anxiety, reduced stress resistance. The presented data indicate the need for active identification of psychological characteristics, monitoring of changes in psychoemotional status, the formation of personal profiles of both practically healthy people working in contact with vibration and patients with vibration pathology to prevent the consequences of exposure to industrial vibration.

Funding. The work was carried out within the funds allocated for the implementation of the state task of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Conflict of interests. The author declares no conflict of interests.

Received: 05.10.2022 / Accepted: 27.10.2022 / Published: 29.01.2023

Optimal nutrition is one of the foundations of public health, but before developing and implementing effective programs to improve the nutrition of the able-bodied population at the regional and corporate level, it is important to know the nutritional situation of the target group.

The study aims to assess the nutrition and risks of the development of the main general pathological syndromes in workers of industrial enterprises of the Republic of Buryatia.

The study was conducted among male workers (n=251) aged 20–64 years, working at an Aircraft factory (group 1, n=71) with an average work experience of 19.72 (16.11; 23.33) years and thermal power plants (group 2, n=72) with an average work experience of 17.00 (13.68; 20.32) years. The comparison group (group 3, n=108) includes workers from the same enterprises without contact with occupational hazards, the average length of service is 19.79 (17.11; 22.48) years. Experts have carried out a nutrition assessment by the questionnaire method, followed by the use of the 24-hour power reproduction method in a computer program. The criteria for dividing into subgroups for assessing actual nutrition were based on the calculation of body mass index and age. We used an automated system for quantifying the risks of major general pathological syndromes (ASQRAS) to assess the health status of employees. Scientists analyzed the results of the study using generally accepted statistical methods.

It is shown that the nutrition structure of workers in the main industries of the Republic of Buryatia is suboptimal, characterized by the predominance of the specific weight of total fats, which amounted to 41.03–45.25% of the caloric content of diets mainly due to the high proportion of saturated fatty acids 13.18–14.78%, low proportion of total carbohydrates 38.22–41.09% and critically low dietary fiber content — 2.31–2.50g per 1000 kcal. The obtained significant associations between overweight and various degrees of obesity with the risk of developing nutrition-related diseases, according to ASQRAS results in workers working in harmful conditions at thermal power plants, are probably due to a higher lipid content in their diet (χ²=7.04; p=0.001).

The results of this study can be used to substantiate nutrition recommendations at the regional and corporate level.

Limitations. The study had certain limitations in the form of survey opportunities, subject to the subjective opinion of respondents.

Ethics. The researchers conducted a study in compliance with the Ethical principles set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association of the last revision and the approval of the Local Ethics Committee of the East Siberian Institute of Medical and Environmental Research (conclusion No. 1 of January 14, 2021).

Contribution:
Bogdanova O.G. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Molchanova O.A. — data collection and processing;
Pankov V.A. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing.

Gratitude. The authors express their gratitude to the management and teams of JSC Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant and PJSC Territorial Generating Company No. 14 for their assistance in organizing the study.

Funding. The study had no funding. The study was carried out within the framework of funds allocated for the implementation of the state assignment of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 12.12.2022 / Accepted: 14.12.2022 / Published: 29.01.2023

The article considers the changes in the rheological properties of blood and the aggregation function of platelets in interns exposed to local vibration and combined effects of local and general vibration. In recent years, the medical and social significance of vibration disease (VD) as a disease is associated with the loss of working capacity and the young age of people who have lost their professional ability to work. In confirmation of this, we can observe a high incidence of VD among workers of aircraft factories, in the mining industry, among operators of heavy vehicles and construction equipment.

The study aims to consider the aggregation activity of platelets in persons with vibration disease during exposure to local vibration and combined exposure to local and general vibration, to draw attention to the need to study the aggregation function of platelets in persons with occupational diseases.

Group one consisted of 47 patients with vibration disease from exposure to local vibration, group two included 52 patients with vibration disease from combined exposure to local and general vibration.

In these groups, the researchers observed the induced platelet aggregation activity on an optical aggregometer using an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) inductor at concentrations of 5.0, 2.5, 0.1 μM/L. The authors have carried out statistical processing of the results. We have taken the differences as statistically significant at p≤0.05.

Persons with vibration disease had reduced indicators of platelet aggregation activity in comparison with reference values, the number of platelets and thrombocrit in the blood within normal limits. At the same time, the correlation analysis showed the presence of positive correlations between the aggregatogram indicators under the action of an inductor of high (5.0 mmol/L) and low concentrations (2.5 mmol/L), 0.1 mmol/L).

Evaluation of platelet aggregation activity in individuals with vibration disease with exposure to local vibration and with combined exposure to local and general vibration established low response rates in response to the introduction of an inducer (lower than reference), in more than 50% of cases, indicating "depletion of platelets". The study of the induced platelet activity did not reveal the peculiarities of its manifestation both in persons exposed to local vibration and in workers exposed to the combined effects of local and general vibration.

Limitations. Limitations of the study may be differences in the methodology and reference intervals of the study of aggregation activity in different laboratories and a small sample of patients included in this study.

Ethics. All patients had previously signed an informational consent to participate in the study. The research plan, the content of the informed consent to participate in the research, as well as the materials of the article were approved by the local Ethics committee of the East Siberian Institute of Medical and Environmental Research.

Contribution:
Kudaeva I.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Chistova N.P. — data collection and processing, literature review, text writing.

Acknowledgment. The authors express their deep gratitude to Natalia V. Slivnitsyna, the Head of the Neurological Department of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research for fruitful cooperation.

Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of the state task of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 18.11.2022 / Accepted: 21.11.2022 / Published: 29.01.2023

In 2022, under the editorship of Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Medical Law, Moscow State Law Academy named after A.I. O.E. Kutafin Alexander Anatolyevich Mokhov, the Prospect Publishing House published the textbook «Medical Law of Russia». The theoretical breadth of views and comprehensive elaboration of the issues of legal regulation of medical activity and healthcare organization in the Russian Federation are the hallmark of this publication. At the same time, the textbook has a structural unit — chapter 14 "Legal foundations of military medicine", dedicated to the military aspects of medical law and the peculiarities of the regulatory legal regulation of the provision of medical care to military personnel, medical support for the activities of the troops, as well as activities related to admission (conscription) for military service , passing military service and dismissal from it. The issues of conducting a military medical (medical-flight) examination, medical examination and examination in relation to military personnel and other persons were considered. The appearance of the publication in question aroused wide interest among specialists in the field of organization of medical support for troops, legal regulation of the provision of medical care to military personnel and their families, which prompted the authors to discuss this issue in the format of a discussion. Based on its results, it is noted that the edition under discussion, as well as the chapter under consideration, are able to form a stable understanding of students about the military aspects of medical law. Knowledge of the legal regulation of the provision of medical care, medical examination and examination of military personnel and persons called (entering) military service is useful for the future professional activities of students of legal and medical specialties and can also serve those who are interested in medical and military right.

Acknowledgment. The authors express their gratitude to the Doctor of Law, Professor Mokhov Alexander Anatolyevich and the team of authors of the textbook «Medical Law of Russia» for the excellent and detailed edition.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 18.01.2023 / Accepted: 23.01.2023 / Published: 29.01.2023