Introduction. Occupational interstitial lung diseases (ILD) include exogenous allergic alveolitis (EAA), exogenous toxic alveolitis (ETA), pneumoconiosis. The scientists have established the fact of exposure to external factors in 35% of patients with ILD. We have confirmed the association of the disease with the profession in 10% of cases.

The study aims to assess the prevalence and clarify the reasons for the unsatisfactory diagnosis of occupational diseases (ILD) in Russia.

Materials and methods. The researchers have conducted the analysis of officially registered occupational morbidity in the Russian Federation and the North-Western Federal District (NWFD) for 2018–2020 and the study of the effectiveness of the examination of the connection of the disease with the profession in case of suspected occupational disease in 121 patients with an established diagnosis of EAA.

Results. We have established that among the occupational diseases ILD first identified in the Russian Federation in 2020, pneumoconiosis occupied the leading place — 92.7%, of which a third of cases (34.6%) were silicosis. Coniotuberculosis was in 0.8% of cases, EAA — in 6% of cases, while in 9 patients (4%) the diagnosis was as "EAA", and in 5 patients (2%) — as "Hypersensitive pneumonitis". Toxic pneumosclerosis was 0.4%. In the NWFD, experts have registered all occupational diseases of the respiratory system: ILD — 18.5% (2018), 8.6% (2019), in 20.4% of cases (2020), of which pneumoconiosis took the leading place. There were only 3 cases of exogenous alveolitis. The researchers have analyzed the reasons of insufficient registration of professional exogenous alveolites. The low detectability of professional exogenous alveolitis is due to both the insufficient commitment of patients to the establishment of an occupational disease, and the poor quality of periodic medical examinations of employees due to the concealment of complaints by patients, the use of low-informative fluorography, incorrect interpretation of the results of the examination.

Conclusion. Thus, among occupational ILDs, pneumoconiosis was on the leading position. Incomplete registration of cases of occupational exogenous alveolitis is due to insufficient diagnosis, terminological inconsistency in the designation of EAA and ETA, inadequate coding of ETA from exposure of industrial chemical factors.

Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics committee.

Contribution:
Bukhtiyarov I.V. — research concept and design, editing;
Orlova G.P. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Andreenko O.N. — data collection and processing;
Zemlyakova S.S. — data collection and processing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare that no conflict of interests.

Received: 07.07.2022 / Accepted: 21.07.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022

Introduction. Currently, there is an increasing need for the study and development of the World Ocean, including for the purpose of laying deep-water pipelines, searching for new sources of minerals, etc. The performance of special tasks by divers at great depths has its own characteristics. The high cost of error, harmful working conditions — all this dictate the need for continuous receipt and analysis of scientific material on the preservation and promotion of health, ensuring their longevity, as well as the adaptation of divers to the nature and conditions of professional activity in order to prevent the occurrence of errors.

The study aims to explore the functions of attention and thinking of a person, his fine muscular coordination and subjective assessment of the state of the body of divers, as elements of the functional state of the body, when working underwater.

Materials and methods. We examined 18 divers, divided into two groups: the first — ten people made daily descents to a depth of 18 m, the second group — eight people dived to a depth of 56 m. Before and after diving, the divers underwent a psychophysiological examination to assess the function of attention (the method of the correction test with Landolt rings), the function of thinking (the method of the arithmetic test "addition in mind"), fine muscle coordination (the method of macrography) and subjective assessment of the state (the SAN questionnaire (state of health — activity-mood)).

Results. During diving operations, there was a decrease in subjective self-assessment of the state of the body (SAN test), an increase in the number of errors (correction test with Landolt rings — attention function) and the values of the height index of numbers (macrography technique — fine muscle coordination), a decrease in the speed of thinking depending on the depth, the multiplicity of diving descents, as well as the dive itself (regardless from depth and multiplicity) on the functional state of divers. There were most pronounced changes during prolonged work (3–5 days or more) and when diving to a depth of 56 m.

Conclusion. The dynamics of objective indicators and subjective assessment of the state of the body indicates that with an increase in the depth of immersion (from 18 to 56 m), the multiplicity of diving descents (daily immersion for 5 days) and the dive itself, the self-esteem of the state, the speed of thinking, attention, fine muscle coordination decreases.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with the Ethical principles of conducting medical research with human participation as a subject, set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association.

Contribution:
Zverev D.P. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, text editing;
Klenkov I.R. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, text editing;
Myasnikov A.A. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, text editing;
Fateev I.V. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, text editing;
Bychkov S.A. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, text editing;
Mavrenkov E.M. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, text editing;
Vetryakov O.V. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, text editing;
Minnullin T.I. — writing the text, text editing.

Acknowledgment. The authors express their gratitude to the Underwater Research Center of the Russian Geographical Society represented by Executive Director Sergey Georgievich Fokin for the opportunity to conduct research.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

 Received: 07.02.2022 / Accepted: 21.07.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022

Introduction. Clinical and experimental studies show the adverse effect of coal-rock dust not only on the bronchopulmonary, but also on the cardiovascular system. Coal mine workers have a high incidence of arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease. The key point in the prevention of the diseases of the circulatory system is the timely detection and correction of not only the main (non-occupational), but also occupational factors of cardiovascular risk. In this regard, the study of risk factors for arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease in coal mining workers is an urgent task.

The study aims to explore the frequency and reveal the most significant non-occupational and occupational factors of cardiovascular risk in patients with anthracosilicosis in combination with arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease. 

Materials and methods. The study involved 269 coal mine workers: 139 miners with previously diagnosed anthracosilicosis and 130 miners in the control group without lung pathology. All of them underwent a comprehensive clinical, instrumental and laboratory examination to identify arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease and risk factors for the development of the diseases of the circulatory system.

Results. According to the findings of the study, a significantly higher incidence of arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease was identified in the patients with anthracosilicosis compared with the miners who worked for a long time in harmful labour conditions but did not have occupational pulmonary pathology. The most significant non-occupational risk factors for arterial hypertension in the patients with anthracosilicosis were determined: age 50 years and older, the presence of fasting hyperglycemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, abdominal type of obesity, hypersthenic constitutional-morphological type according to the Rees-Eysenck index, blood group AB (IV). Occupational risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension in the patients with anthracosilicosis were also identified: work experience in hazardous working conditions of 25 years and more, the dust level in the working area exceeding the maximum permissible concentration by 10 times and more. In the patients with anthracosilicosis, the most significant risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease were: age 45 years and older, the presence of arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome, andromorphic constitutional-morphological type according to the Tanner index, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, increased levels of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes and C-reactive protein. Occupational risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease in the patients with anthracosilicosis were also identified: work experience in hazardous working conditions of 20 years and more, the presence of respiratory failure (as a complication of an occupational disease).

Limitations. This study is limited to a sample of workers in the main occupations of coal mines who are examined at the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. The age group of workers from 40 to 54 years old, with a long work experience in underground dusty conditions (more than 15 years) was studied. The study did not include persons with proven occupational diseases other than anthracosilicosis.

Conclusions. The identified significant markers of cardiovascular risk can be applied to elaborate prognostic methods. Timely detection and elimination of cardiovascular risk factors as primary preventive measures should be used to reduce the level of cardiovascular incidence rate among individuals working in hazardous labour conditions.

Ethics. This medical research involving a human was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles presented in the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki by the World Medical Association.

Contribution:
Panev N.I. — study concept and design, collection and processing of data, writing text, editing;
Evseeva N.A. — study concept and design, collection and processing of data, writing text, editing;
Filimonov S.N. — study concept and design, editing;
Korotenko O.Yu. — collection and processing of data;
Danilov I.P. — editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 29.04.2022 / Accepted: 15.07.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022

Introduction. Assessment of occupational risk and mechanisms of workers' health disorders due to exposure to complex aerosol suspensions determines the need for in-depth study of the physicochemical properties of dust particles in the air.

The study aim was the assessment of the dispersion and chemical composition of complex aerosol suspensions affecting workers in traditional and modernized aluminum production technologies.

Materials and methods. The monitoring of air pollution of the working area with soluble and insoluble fluorides, aluminum trioxide aerosols was carried out using standard analysis methods, the dispersed and chemical composition of aerosol suspensions was studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.

Results. The highest average shift concentration of fluorides, exceeding the occupational exposure limit by 4.7–12.5 times, are observed in the working area of professions serving electrolyzers and anodes, with a predominance of insoluble fluorides over soluble ones. Cases of exceeding the occupational exposure limit of aluminum trioxide by 1.9–2.6 times were noted. Dust suspended in the air of the working area consists of highly and ultradispersed aerosol mixtures of various chemical nature, including particles of the nanoscale range, impurities of heavy metals and toxic compounds. Highly dispersed dust particles, mainly alumina and fluorocarbon compounds, dominated in the air of workshops with traditional aluminum electrolysis technology, while micro- and nanoparticles, consisting mainly of cryolite and a mixture of aluminum fluoride with alumina, dominated in the modernized one.

Conclusion. The exposure of complex multicomponent aerosol mixtures of aluminum production can pose a danger to the health of workers, which requires an in-depth analysis of the chemical and dispersed composition of aerosols when assessing the exposure of the dust factor and improving the complexes of preventive measures to prevent the development of diseases.

Contribution:
Shayakhmetov S.F. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing the article;
Rukavishnikov V.S. — the concept and design of the study, editing the article;
Lisetskaya L.G. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Merinov A.V. — collection and processing of material, writing a text.

Funding. Financing of the work was carried out at the expense of funds allocated for the state assignment of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 02.07.2022 / Accepted: 03.08.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022

Introduction. In recent years the researchers have noted an increase in the number of occupational diseases detected for the first time in one employee of mining and metallurgical enterprises in the Arctic.

The study aims to obtain new data on occupational polymorbidity among employees of enterprises in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.

Materials and methods. We have studied the results of social and hygienic monitoring under the section "Working conditions and occupational morbidity" of the population of the Russian Federation in 2007–2020.

Results. Scientists first have diagnosed occupational diseases in 7685 workers in 2007–2020. The authors have identified one nosological form of occupational pathology in 6164 employees (80.2%), two forms — in 1128 employees (14.7%), three forms — in 243 employees (3.2%), four forms — in 92 employees (1.2%), five forms — in 41 employees (0.5%), six forms — 14 employees (0.2%). In addition, one employee had seven diseases, another had eight diseases and the third had nine diseases. The researchers have noted the minimum level of polymorbidity in 2007 (1,013±0.005 cases), and the maximum — in 2012 (1,502±0.040 cases). The highest polymorbidity rates were in charge workers (3,333±0.849 cases), drillers (2,215±0.025 cases) and cleaners of finished products (2,136±0.208 cases), and the lowest — in health workers (1,087±0.054 cases) and civil aviation flight personnel (1,011±0.011 cases). There was no professional polymorbidity among the education workers. Of the nine subjects of the Russian Arctic, the experts have observed the maximum level of polymorbidity in the Murmansk region (1,552±0.021 cases), exceeding the indicators of all other regions.

Limitations. There is a possibility of different methodological approaches among occupational pathologists to the diagnosis of occupational pathology in nine remote Arctic regions belonging to four federal districts of Russia.

Conclusion. The phenomenon of polymorbidity is due to the combined effect of harmful production factors and a complex of reasons leading to late diagnosis of occupational pathology and, as a result, its progression with the continuation of labor activity. To reduce the level of occupational polymorbidity, it is necessary to improve working conditions, upgrade the skills of occupational doctors and use additional research methods that allow to objectify the early clinical manifestations of diseases.

Contribution:
Syurin S.A. — research concept and design, data collection and processing
Polyakova E.M. — writing and editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 07.07.2022 / Accepted: 15.07.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022

In modern economic conditions, most women continue to work during pregnancy. According to the year of 2021 statistics, there is about half a million female workers are engaged in heavy physical work in Russia, which makes it relevant to study the impact of working conditions on the course of pregnancy, the health of newborns.

The study aims to analyze and assess the occupational risk of health disorders of pregnant women workers, the health of their children born under the influence of a harmful production factor — the severity of labor. The researchers applied the method of analytical review and analysis of the data obtained to assess the risk of the impact of the severity of work on the health status, pregnancy of female workers and the condition of the fetus and newborn. Heavy physical labor, including lifting and moving heavy weights and intense physical exertion is especially unfavorable for pregnant workers.

With a single lifting of loads weighing 11 kg or more, the risk of spontaneous miscarriage significantly increases by 31% (OR=1.31; 95% CI 1.08–1.58); preeclampsia — by 35% (OR=1.35; 95% CI 1.07–1.71). When lifting and moving loads with a total weight of 100 kg or more per shift, the risk of preeclampsia increases by 65% (OR=1.65; 95% CI 1.31–2.09), premature birth by 31% (OR=1.31; 95% CI 1.11–1.56); the risk of low birth weight infants increases by 108% (OR=2.08, 95% CI, 1.06–4.11). With intense physical activity during the shift, the risk of developing fetal sizes small for gestational age (SGA) increases by 34% (OR=1.34; 95% CI 1.03–1.73). When working "standing up" for four or more hours, the risk of premature birth increases by 11% (OR=1.11; 95% CI 1.02–1.22); SGA births — by 17% (OR=1.17; 95% CI 1.01–1.35). When working with a body tilt for an hour or more, the risk of developing preeclampsia in a pregnant worker increases by 51% (OR=1.51; 95% CI 1.09–2.08). Prolonged walking during a work shift increases the risk of developing SGA by 21% (OR=1.21; 95% CI 1.06–1.39).

Working conditions characterized as heavy physical exertion statistically significantly increase the risks of spontaneous miscarriage, preeclampsia, premature birth, the development of a fetus small for gestational age, low newborn weight, etc. It is necessary to develop regulatory and methodological documents for the prevention of pregnancy complications in female workers engaged in physical labor.

Contribution:
Fesenko M.A. — research concept and design, data analysis and interpretation;
Golovaneva G.V. — research concept and design, data analysis and interpretation, editing;
Miteleva T.Yu. — collecting and processing material, writing text;
Miskevich A.V. — collection of material.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 01.08.2022 /Accepted: 04.08.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022

Timely and correct expertise of the connection between a parasitic disease and professions can significantly improve the quality of life of a patient due to the receipt of the prescribed insurance payments. However, in the available literature, there are practically no descriptions of expertise of patients with helminthiases.

The study aims to highlight the specifics of the examination of the relationship of the disease with the profession in patients with helminthiases.

There are two cases of the veterinarians with helminthiasis and the subsequent expertise of the connection of disease with the profession based on the materials of the archive of the Department of Occupational Pathology.

The researchers illustrated the mechanism of proving the presence and absence of a connection between the disease and the profession using the example of helminthiasis with multiple organ invasion complicated by Churg-Strauss syndrome and a case of alveococcosis that entailed liver transplantation.

It is noted that the peculiarities of the work of occupational pathology departments with patients suffering from parasitic diseases are that the diagnosis of invasion and adequate treatment are carried out at the previous stages of work with patients, usually infectious disease specialists. The Department of Occupational Pathology specializes in expert work to substantiate the presence or absence of a connection between a disease and a profession.

In relation to patients with helminthiasis, the regulations of occupational pathology do not provide an exhaustive list of infectious and parasitic diseases related to the profession, as well as the exact post-syndrome manifestations. Therefore, both in a principled assessment of the possibility of a connection between the disease and the profession, and the formulation of specific manifestations of pathology, it is necessary to rely on a comprehensive analysis of information about the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease.

Limitations. Due to the variety of variants of lesions in various helminthiasis, the described arguments for justifying the presence or absence of a connection between the disease and the profession cannot be essentially transferred to all possible variants of parasitic diseases in each situation without correction.

Contribution:
Boyko I.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Andreenko O.N. — concept and design of the study;
Kochetova O.A. — collecting and processing material, writing text;
Loginova N.N. — collecting and processing material, writing text.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 07.07.2022 / Accepted: 21.07.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022

Contact welding is one of the most common types of welding. According to the technological method of obtaining joints, contact welding can be spot, relief, butt, suture. Spot contact welding a high productivity. Specialists use spot welding more often than other types of welding. The formation of permanent joints of materials occurs as a result of electric heating and deformation during compression. Workers warm up the products with pulses of alternating, direct or unipolar current of industrial frequency 50 Hz. Researchers have registered adverse factors at the welder's workplace that have an impact on health. These are high temperature, splashes and metal vapors, pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) of industrial frequency 50 Hz.

The study aims to explore the levels of pulsed magnetic fields of industrial frequency of 50 Hz at workplaces during the operation of contact spot welding installations.

The study included the study of the technology of contact spot welding, instrumental measurements and hygienic assessment of the levels of PMF of the industrial frequency of 50 Hz at the welders' workplaces during the operation of equipment in normal mode. Specialists have performed instrumental measurements of PMF levels with a TP2-2U milliteslameter during operation of three models of semi-automatic welding machines based on spot welding installations. The researchers recalculated the measured levels of magnetic field induction to the maximum operating current (I_max) possible during the technological process.

Instrumental measurements showed that the magnetic field strength at the welders' workplaces depended on the type of installation, the distance from the radiation source, the localization of exposure, and welding of specific products. Experts registered the highest levels of magnetic fields in the arm area from 1096.0 to 5512.0 A/m. At the maximum operating current, the magnetic field strength can reach 13 678.0–11 024.0 A/m.

The study showed that the intensity of pulsed magnetic fields of industrial frequency 50 Hz in the workplace can exceed the maximum permissible levels. To protect workers, it is necessary to limit the time of exposure to magnetic fields.

Limitations. The studies are preliminary in nature and have limitations on the scope of the study.

Contribution:
Nikitina V.N. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Kalinina N.I. — data collection and processing, editing;
Lyashko G.G. — data collection and processing, editing;
Dubrovskaya E.N. — data collection and processing, editing;
Plekhanov V.P. — data collection and processing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 07.07.2022 / Accepted: 15.07.2022 / Published: 15.08.2022