Introduction. The solution of state issues for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation involves the active use of the Northern Sea Route as the main strategic highway. In order to preserve the life and health of ship crews in conditions of climatic and geographical and industrial risks, a smoothly functioning national system of medical care, harmonized with international requirements, is of great importance.

The study aims to assess the state of the medical care system for ship crews on the Northern Sea Route, identify regulatory and organizational problems, and substantiate proposals for their elimination.

Materials and methods. The researchers conducted an expert and analytical study, as well as analyzed and compared data during search and rescue operations in the waters of the Northern Sea Route (2010–2020), statistical data on medical examinations of ship crews conducted in 2020 in the organizations of the FMBA of Russia. The authors also have studied the main stages and forms of medical care in the waters of the Northern Sea Route. Scientists have conducted the analysis of scientific publications for the period from 2000 to 2021, contained in scientific electronic libraries, current international and Russian regulatory legal acts, information from official websites of executive authorities and organizations.

Results. The system of medical care involves the implementation of measures for several interrelated elements: the provision of medical care on a ship, consultation by a medical professional using communication means, search and rescue operations, medical evacuation, medical care in the conditions of a coastal medical organization. International and Russian regulatory legal acts regulate the implementation of measures to provide medical care on board the vessel, the work of a wide range of participants from among federal executive authorities, executive authorities of subjects, institutions and organizations, officials and employees. In the course of the study, we found that there are concretized schemes of medical care, name lists and coordinates of participants. Specialists update all this in the Basin Plans for each territory of the Northern Sea Route. Despite the established rules of interaction of participants and conditions of medical care, the gaps identified by the researchers in administrative and legal regulation significantly affect the quality of medical care to members of the crews of ships, violate the constitutional rights of citizens to health protection.

Conclusions. Experts have substantiated the proposals for improving the system of medical care in the waters of the Northern Sea Route when applying an integrated approach to the development of the coastal infrastructure of medical organizations, staffing ships with medical workers and providing medicines.

Ethics. Scientists conducted the study in compliance with Ethical standards. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics committee.

Contribution:
Voronkova S.V. — the concept and design of the study data collection and processing, the text writing;
Abakumov A.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Bumai O.K. — the concept and design of the study, the text writing;
Grabsky Yu.V. — editing;
Torshin G.S. — data collection and processing, editing;
Malinina S.V. — data collection and processing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 14.02.2022 / Accepted: 15.04.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022

Introduction. In the context of the pandemic of the new coronavirus and the measures taken to contain the spread of infection, including quarantine measures and transfer to remote work, there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of short- and long-term isolation on psychological well-being and cognitive performance of a person. In this situation, the closest model for studying the processes of adaptation to the conditions of isolation and crowding are isolation experiments.

The study aims to research the cognitive performance and psychophysiological state of a person in conditions of isolation and crowding.

Materials and methods. Scientists conducted a 14-day isolation experiment simulating a flight to the moon at the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 6 subjects (4 men, 2 women) worked for two weeks and lived in a hermetic volume with an area of 12 sq². With the help of situational anxiety assessment, acoustic speech analysis, cognitive and sensorimotor tests, experts obtained data on the relationship between the psychophysiological state of a person and his productivity.

Results. Researchers have identified significant correlations between situational anxiety and acoustic characteristics of speech. On days when the subjects spoke at a lower volume (р<0,0001) and had more pauses in their speech (р<0,01), and there was additional variability in the voice amplitude of the speech signal (shimmer effect) (р<0,0001), the subjects noted greater anxiety. Subjectively perceived anxiety correlated with cognitive performance. In a more anxious state, the subjects made more mistakes in mathematical calculations (p<0.01), they needed more time to solve (p<0.001); lability (p<0.01) and errors (p<0.0001) also increased when performing the sensorimotor RDO test.

Limitations. The limitations of this study were a small sample size, the duration of isolation exposure, as well as a limited number of methods used to study the physiological state of a person.

Conclusions. The researchers found reliable connections between the indicator of situational anxiety, acoustic characteristics of speech and cognitive performance. The psychophysiological state of the subjects affected the quality of the operator's tasks. Isolation and crowding by themselves did not become significant psychological stressors in this experiment, this was due to the motivation of the subjects. Experts found an increase in anxiety a few days before the experiment due to changes in the usual lifestyle, feelings of insecurity and a large number of examinations.

Ethics. The Commission on Biomedical Ethics of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation (Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences) approved experimental program No. 573 dated April 1, 2021 in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964. Each study participant voluntarily signed an informed consent after having the potential risks, benefits and nature of the upcoming study explained to her/him.

Contribution:
Lebedeva S.A. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing the text;
Shved D.M. — the concept and design of the study, editing.

Funding. RNF No. 18-75-10086-P.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 20.03.2022 / Accepted: 15.04.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022

Introduction. Metabolic disorders can lead to dysfunction of various systems of the human body, including cardiovascular. There is a lesion of the artery endothelium in the form of stenosing atherosclerotic plaques, which can become a substrate for the occurrence of life-threatening and fatal events. The study of the health of miners in this direction is particularly relevant due to the difficult working conditions and the danger of the profession.

The study aims to evaluate the relationship of metabolic syndrome and its components with atherosclerotic artery damage in miners.

Materials and methods. We examined 199 underground workers of mines in the South of the Kemerovo Region — Kuzbass in the order of passing preventive medical examinations. The researchers divided them into two groups based on the presence of a diagnosed metabolic syndrome. The first of them consisted of persons with metabolic disorders — 75 (37.7%) people, the second — without it — 124 (62.3%); the average age of the examined two cohorts did not differ from each other and amounted to 46.94±5.66 and 46.17±5.14 years, respectively, p=0.321. We conducted the condition of the arterial walls, the function of external respiration, as well as biochemical blood parameters on modern equipment in all the subjects

Results. In miners with metabolic syndrome, vascular lesions in the form of atherosclerotic plaques were most common — 54.9% versus 35.8% in people without metabolic syndrome, p=0.011. When analyzing the occurrence of atheromas in different vascular basins, we found that miners with metabolic syndrome had carotid artery lesions more often than those without metabolic disorders: 36.5% and 20.2%, p=0.012. Experts also found a similar pattern with duplex scanning of the main arteries of the lower extremities: 46.7% vs. 25.8%, p=0.0025. There was the greatest association of atherosclerosis in people with hypertension, so stenotic plaques were more often among people with high blood pressure: 64.1% vs. 27.7%. Hyperbetacholesterolemia increased the relative risk of atherosclerosis by 2.2 times. Compared with abdominal obesity, the waist-hip index was a more significant indicator of body anthropometry, increased values of which were in 85.5% of cases against 70.3% in the comparison group. Impaired respiratory function increased the relative risk of atherosclerosis by 2.5 times.

Conclusion. The presence of metabolic syndrome in miners we are strongly associating with the development of vascular stenosis. In the prevention of atherosclerosis in miners with metabolic syndrome, it is necessary to take into account elevated values of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the level of glycated hemoglobin, impaired respiratory function and the waist-hip index.

Ethics. We have conducted the study in compliance with the standards of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute of Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, established in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Association "Ethical Principles of Scientific Medical Research with Human Participation" as amended in 2013 and the "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation", approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 06/19/2003. All the subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Filimonov E.S. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Korotenko O.Yu. — data collection and processing, collection of literary data, writing the text.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 20.12.2021 / Accepted: 14.04.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022

The development of occupational fatigue is one of the main reasons for the increased risk of accidents and injuries in the workplace. The state of fatigue negatively affects the health of employees and the quality of their professional activities. As for the problem of studying professional fatigue, there are different approaches to the definition of this concept and the choice of assessment methods.

The study aims to analyze the features of the study of occupational fatigue in the labor physiology.

In order to analyzed the main approaches of professional fatigue, we have studied domestic and foreign literary sources describing both early and modern works on this topic. The complexity of assessing professional fatigue determines the need for an integrated approach to the selection of methods from the field of physiology, psychophysiology and psychology, a combination of objective and subjective methods. It is important to take into account the limitations of these methods, which may associate with a controversial interpretation of the data, the peculiarities of the production environment, the requirements of the profession and occupational safety, so the question of choosing universal methods remains relevant and requires further study.

Contribution:
Novozhilova A.A. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Geregei A.M. — research concept and design, writing the text, editing;
Merkulova A.G. — writing the text, editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 16.12.2021 / Accepted: 25.01.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022

Compliance with the principles of mental health is a priority task in the education of children and adolescents. Researchers present the results of the analysis of psychophysiological studies, mostly by foreign authors, devoted to the problem of biomarkers of psycho-emotional stress (anxiety, aggression). The authors have considered the phenomenon of attention biases (attention shifts), as well as behavioral inhibition. We have analyzed the role of bioelectric asymmetry of the frontal areas of the brain, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Scientists have shown the role of two basic motivational systems of approach/achievement ("approach system") and avoidance/withdrawal ("withdrawal system"). The use of adequate psychophysiological tests, such as: dot-probe tasks, attention shifting tasks, temporal order judgment tasks, visual search tasks allows you to best identify attention shifts and observe changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain. The asymmetry of the EEG of the frontal areas of the brain; the ratios of slow EEG waves to fast ones (theta / beta ratio; delta / beta ratio); changes in the parameters of the components of the evoked potentials P1, N1, N2 and late positive potential (LPP) with attention shifts you can consider as markers of psychoemotional tension. You can take into account the understanding of the mechanisms of shifting attention to threatening information in anxious children and adolescents in the prevention of mental health and to create corrective methods of training the system of attention to information with the opposite motivating value, allowing for adaptive behavior in the future.

Contribution:
Astashchenko A.P. — research concept and design;
Gubina O.I. — research concept and design, data collection and processing;
Popov M.V. — data collection and processing, writing and editing of the text;
Yashchenko I.N. — writing and editing of the text;
Sazonova O.V. — research concept and design;
Gavryushin M.Yu. — writing and editing of the text.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 11.04.2022 / Accepted: 15.04.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022

Despite the significant prevalence of shoulder-scapular periarthrosis, methods of its early diagnosis remain insufficiently developed.

The study aims to clarify the possibility of using osteodensitometry for early diagnosis of shoulder–scapular periarthrosis.

We examined 70 men (the main group) with a diagnosis of shoulder-scapular periarthrosis without disorders of the function of the shoulder joints, which corresponded to the initial stage of the disease. The comparison group consisted of 78 patients with diagnosed osteoarthritis of the shoulder joints with moderate recurrent algic syndrome without limitation of the volume of movements; the control group consisted of 112 practically healthy men. The age of all examined men were 30–50 years. In addition to clinical and functional examination with neuro-orthopedic examination and radiography of the shoulder joints, the researchers conducted the mineral density of the bone tissue of the head of the humerus according to the results of digital radiography with a wedge-standard density. This method has a high accuracy in determining the mineral density of bone tissue, does not have an additional load and allows you to get the desired information.

In the examined main group, in the absence of bone changes on the shoulder joint radiographs, experts have identified a significant decrease in the mineral density index in all zones of the upper sector, maximally expressed in the lateral zone of the humerus head in relation to the results of the control group. Patients in the comparison group also showed a significant decrease in this indicator in relation to the indicator of the control group.

The decrease in bone mineral density in patients with osteoarthritis exceeded the decrease in similar indicators in individuals with shoulder-scapular periarthritis, however, there was no significant difference in these cases.

The obtained results of the study allow us to conclude that the applied osteodensitometry makes it possible to detect a local decrease in bone mineral density in articular structures at the early stages of their formation, resulting from damage to the soft tissues of paraarticular structures, due to the unity of the response of the ligamentous-articular apparatus.

Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Suvorov V.G. — a significant contribution to the concept, structure of the study, analysis of the results and writing of the article;
Druzhinin D.N. — significant contribution to the development and implementation of the methodological part of the work, as well as to the interpretation of the results obtained, approval of the final version of the article.

Funding. Budget funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 03.03.2022 / Accepted: 11.04.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022

Occupational diseases associated with pain syndrome in the lower part are one of the most common causes of physical and psychological health disorders. Lower back pain (LBP) also affects labor productivity and the social sphere of life and is becoming an increasingly important factor in the growth of medical care costs.

The study aims to research a comprehensive study of the impact of chronic LBP on the quality of life of workers in unfavorable conditions of metallurgical production.

Experts have carried out a hygienic assessment of working conditions according to the data of the special assessment of working conditions cards, a questionnaire (a questionnaire of disorders of vital activity in Oswestrovsky's lower back pain, a questionnaire of McGill's pain) and a clinical examination of 132 employees (men) of various industries of the metallurgical enterprise. We analyzed the results of additional instrumental examination methods: radiography of the lumbar spine and electroneuromyography of the nerves of the lower extremities.

Under the working conditions of workers of the leading professions of metallurgical production, combined and combined effects of harmful production factors are characteristic, the integral assessment of which corresponds to сlass 3.2. The severity of the labor process among employees of the studied professions was within classes 2.0.–3.1. According to the McGill questionnaire experts have found statistically significant differences in the main occupational groups: the highest pain indicators were in the group of wire-drawing workers (index — 7.5±4.9; rank — 14.6±10.2) and drivers of intra-factory vehicles (index — 6.9±4.4; rank — 15.1±11.3). After the treatment there were positive dynamics in the values of rank indicators on the affective and evaluative scales (p<0.05). Researchers have identified statistically significant differences between all the studied groups (F=2.55, p=0.041), when using the Oswestrovsky questionnaire. There were degenerative-dystrophic changes of the spine on radiographs of the lumbar spine. According to the results of an electroneuromyographic study, the authors revealed signs of dysfunction at the level of segments L5-S1-2 of the lumbosacral spine.

As a result of the study, we have revealed the relationship between the early detection of disorders of the musculoskeletal system with the peculiarities of the labor process and the deterioration of the quality of worker’s life in the production of hardware. To assess the intensity of LBP in workers engaged in harmful working conditions, it is possible to use the McGill and Oswestrovsky pain questionnaires. The detection of pain syndrome and early rehabilitation in people with occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system contributes to prolonging the working age and improving the quality of life in people with physical overload in the workplace.

Contribution:
Bakirov A.B. — the concept and design of the study
Salavatova L.H. — writing the text
Abdrakhmanova E.R. — writing the text
Masyagutova L.M. — the concept and design of the study
Alakaeva R.A. — selection and translation of literature
Gabdulvaleeva E.F. — selection and translation of literature
Khafizova A.S. — selection and translation of literature
All authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 19.01.2022 / Accepted: 19.04.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022

The new COVID-19 infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has become a huge blow to the global economy and politics, revealing numerous shortcomings of the healthcare system of almost all world states. Among all categories of citizens, medical workers are one of the most vulnerable to the risk of infection, which is due to a number of reasons: prolonged contact with COVID-19 patients, high labor intensity and chronic stress. In accordance with the legislation, cases of infection of medical workers with SARS-CoV-2 in the course of performing work duties are occupational diseases. However, the diagnosis of an occupational infectious disease belongs to the category of the most complex expert issues. We have analyzed cases of establishing a link between the death of medical workers in the performance of work duties as a result of infection with SARS-CoV-2. The experts came to the conclusion that with the accumulation of information and practical experience in the conditions of a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, the regulatory framework and the work of the occupational pathology service are improving. This ensures the preservation of the health of the working population, as the main direction of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of labor relations.

Contribution:
Raikova S.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Skvortsova N.V. — collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Komleva N.E. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing;
Zhanalieva G.K. — editing;
Raikin S.S. — collection and processing of material.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 03.02.2022 / Accepted: 14.04.2022 / Published: 25.05.2022