Introduction. Lunar dust is a new potentially dangerous factor to Russian space medicine, which astronauts participating in lunar expeditions will inevitably face when carrying out their professional activities. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the toxicity and danger of lunar dust, its classification as an occupational harmful and(or) dangerous production factor, characterization, and assessment of the likelihood of developing occupational pathology in acute, subacute, and chronic exposure are relevant. Furthermore, the solution of these tasks will make it possible to justify the appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures, the implementation of which is necessary both in the conditions of lunar expeditions and after returning from them.

The study aims to evaluate the possibility of developing professionally caused diseases associated with the action of lunar dust in astronauts based on a comprehensive analysis of modern ideas about the biological effects and toxicity of lunar dust.

Materials and methods. Scientists have summarized the data of domestic and foreign literature on the toxicology of lunar dust, including general toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, local irritant effect, specific types of toxicity, bioavailability, and kinetics of lunar dust particles in the body. In addition, the authors analyzed the professional pathological aspects of the toxicology of lunar dust.

Results. The researchers put forward an assumption about the ranking of target organs that are most vul-nerable in terms of the development of the immediate consequences of contact with lunar dust and concerning the delayed and long-term implications of such exposure. Based on the results of the analysis of literature data on the toxicology of lunar dust, the authors made a preliminary conclusion that as possible immediate and left effects of accidental and excess exposure to lunar dust, scientists consider allergic reactions, irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, respiratory disorders, mental and physical performance, as well as a decrease in radioresistance of the body. As a potential long-term pathology associated with the impact of lunar dust on the body of astronauts participating in lunar expeditions, scientists propose to consider fibrous changes in the lungs, pneumoconiosis, silcosilicatosis, pulmonary carcinogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, it is necessary to study the mechanisms and patterns of long-term effects of exposure to lunar dust on the body.

Conclusions. Research on toxicological and hygienic rationing should be the basis for developing a set of sanitary and clean and therapeutic, and preventive measures to ensure the safety of participants of the expedition to the Moon in contact with lunar dust. In addition, it is possible to establish the official status of a harmful and(or) dangerous production chemical factor for lunar dust and identify and classify occupational diseases caused by contact with lunar dust.

Introduction. The problem of crew emergency evacuation after prolonged hyperbaric conditions is complicated by the extended decompression necessity. It is impossible to reach normal pressure conditions without risk of decompression sickness in the most cases due to large amount of dissolved indifferent gases in the tissues.

Method for indifferent gases eliminating out of tissues to breathing liquid while liquid breathing is proposed. The absence of dissolved gases in the breathing liquid creates the pressure gradient that allows indifferent gases to diffuse through the alveolar-capillary barrier from the blood into the breathing liquid.

The purpose of the study is to assess the possibility of liquid breathing application to prevent the development of decompression disorders after a long previous stay in conditions of excessive pressure of the gas environment.

Materials and methods. Syrian hamsters, 4 months old, 120–140 g weight were used in the study. A mixture of perfluorodecalin and perfluorohexane 40:60 ratio was used as a breathing liquid. The animals were divided into four groups: control (№ 1) and three experimental by liquid breathing duration (№ 2, № 3 and № 4 was 15, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively).

For isobaric transition from gas to liquid breathing the special test bed was designed. The decompression sickness simulation in laboratory animals was carried out by ultrafast decompression (within 15 seconds) after a 60-minute exposure of 0.6 MPa air gauge pressure. The research method is based on the assessment of decompression disorders clinical picture and pathomorphological studies. The duration of the decompression sickness latent period, severity, animals’ lethality, the average animals’ lethal time, rectal temperature, results of pathomorphological examinations were evaluated.

Results. Decompression sickness symptoms such as twitches, convulsions and paresis were observed in the № 1 group animals. Rather less explicit symptoms of decompression sickness were found in the group № 2 in comparison of group № 1. It was assessed by clinical pictures and pathomorphological examinations. Decompression sickness symptoms were not found in none of animals of the groups № 3 and № 4.

Conclusions. The technology of liquid breathing with oxygenated and denitrogenated normobaric breathing liquid while hyperbaric conditions is possible to be applied for decompression sickness prevention. The dissolved in tissues nitrogen removal degree depends on the liquid breathing duration.

Introduction. The scientists all over the world studied the problem of death in the workplace  for two decades. Sudden cardiac death occupies a leading place in the structure of workplace death from a common disease (83-90% of cases). The urgency of this problem dictates the need for research to study the main factors and causes of death in the workplace from a common disease, followed by the development of a comprehensive program to prevent them.

The study aims to learn the circumstances and causes of sudden death in the workplace due to a common disease and substantiate the program for its prevention.

Materials and methods. The researchers conducted an analysis of  investigation  materials of fatal accidents in the workplace for 2018-2020 at enterprises and organizations of the Republic of Bashkortostan, recognized during the investigation as unrelated to production and occurred as a result of a common disease. We studied in detail the specific circumstances and causes of death. Scientists analyzed the number of deaths in the workplace from common diseases both in absolute and relative units (per 1000 employees), in the context of economic activities, taking into account the organizational and legal forms of enterprises and organizations.

Results. 165 employees died from common diseases in the workplace during the analyzed period. We observed the greatest proportion of workplace deaths from a common disease at enterprises and organizations of the following types of economic activity: manufacturing — 22.9%, transportation and storage — 17.4%, provision of electric energy, gas and steam, water supply, sanitation — 10.3%. The main causes of sudden death in the workplace from common diseases, according to the forensic examination, were diseases of the circulatory system (97.1%), which were more often registered in men (97.4%) aged 56–60 years.

Conclusion. The lack of complete and reliable information about the causes and risk factors of death in the workplace from common diseases in various sectors of the economy, as well as the need to develop a prevention program to minimize the likelihood of its development, served as the basis for this study.

Introduction. Fatigue driving is one of the main causes of accidents. According to statistics, up to 30% of road traffic accidents occur due to driving in a state of fatigue or tiredness. To prevent the onset of accidents and injuries to drivers, it is necessary to study the functional capabilities of employees in order to optimize work modes and justify the duration of the working day depending on age and health group.

The aim of the work is to study changes in the psychophysiological state of drivers of light vehicles of different age groups in the dynamics of work shifts.

Materials and methods. To assess the work intensity of drivers, an analysis of the indicators of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems was carried out. Assessment of the state of the central nervous system was determined using a blank test with Landolt rings and a complex visual-motor reaction. The state of the cardiovascular system was determined by blood pressure indicators by the Korotkov method, registration of heart rate, the index of functional changes in the circulatory system according to Baevsky was calculated. A hygienic assessment of the heaviness and intensity of the labor process was carried out according to the Guidelines R 2.2.2006-05.

Results. According to the results of the hygienic assessment, it was found that the work of drivers of light vehicles corresponds to class 3.1 in terms of heaviness and class 3.2 in terms of the intensity of the labor process. In the dynamics of the drivers' daytime work shifts, a deterioration in the indicators of attention and reaction speed was revealed. It was found that the highly stressful work of drivers negatively affects the indicators of body systems, this is confirmed by high levels of diastolic, systolic pressure and an increase in heart rate during the entire work shift, which exceed the physiological norms of working stress.

Conclusion. The data obtained indicate an overstrain of the body of drivers of passenger vehicles in the dynamics of the entire period of their examination, which, with chronic exposure, can contribute to the development of industrial-related diseases of the cardiovascular system. It is necessary to further develop recommendatory documents for specific categories of drivers of light vehicles, containing a system of preventive measures aimed at maintaining their performance during the work shift, which can include both a specialized set of physical exercises, gymnastics for the eyes, and methods of self-regulation and relaxation, used to normalize sleep, relieve stress, restore psychophysiological state, etc.

The main indicator characterizing the occupational risk of health disorders is occupational morbidity, which directly depends on working conditions. In this regard, it is necessary to study working conditions, the peculiarities of the formation of occupational diseases at enterprises of various sectors of the economy of the Republic of Bashkortostan with the subsequent development and implementation of targeted measures to create safe working conditions and preserve the health of workers.

The study aims to consider working conditions, dynamics, and structure of occupational morbidity among employees of enterprises in various sectors of the economy.

The scientists carried out socio-hygienic studies on the working conditions occupational morbidity in the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2015–2020 based on official state statistics, reporting forms, and analytical materials.

We have found that the employees of enterprises engaged in mining and manufacturing have the highest risk of health disorders. In the structure of occupational diseases in workers of the main sectors of the economy in 2015–2019, conditions from the effects of physical overload and overstrain of individual organs and systems prevailed. In 2020, due to a new coronavirus infection, occupational diseases had acute forms mainly caused by a biological factor in medical workers.

The obtained results can serve as a basis for the development of measures aimed at creating safe working conditions, preventing the development of occupational diseases, and preserving the health of employees in enterprises of the various economic sectors.

In the Republic of Tatarstan (RT), as in the Russian Federation (RF), tuberculosis is the leading nosological form in the structure of occupational diseases (OD) from the effects of biological factors. Although tuberculosis, as a disease, is most common among medical workers (MW) of anti-tuberculosis institutions (80%), the remaining 20% of MW with diagnosed occupational tuberculosis are employees of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Service, neuropsychiatric institutions, and the Federal Penitentiary Service.

The study aims to analyze the results of a sample with the tuberculosis recombinant allergen (TRA) "Diaskintest" in employees of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Service (FMS) for screening tuberculosis infection at periodic medical examination.

Scientists conducted the study of the employees of the FMS Bureau by staging an intradermal sample with the drug "Diaskintest" (DST) in the conditions of a general medical network in the city of Kazan based on the State Autonomous Health Institution "City Polyclinic No. 18". The first stage of the study was the analysis of the results of tuberculin diagnostics using DST under the clinical recommendations "Latent tuberculosis infection (LTI) in children". The second stage of the study, prospectively, using a continuous method, taking into account contraindications to all employees responding to the TRA, conducted a comprehensive examination using computed tomography of the chest organs (CT CO) to exclude the tuberculosis process.

We examined 64 employees of the Republican Bureau of the Forensic Medical Service of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Tatarstan, for tuberculosis infection with a breakdown of the TRA. The number of positive samples was 40 (62.5%), a negative result had 24 employees. In addition, the researchers conducted X-ray computed tomography of the chest organs. As a result, we diagnosed active tuberculosis in 4 employees, tuberculosis of questionable activity in 5, metatuberculous changes in 11 people, latent tuberculosis infection (without focal changes according to CT CO) in 14 people.

We recommend using a skin test with the allergen tuberculosis recombinant DST at a periodic medical examination for the timely diagnosis of tuberculosis in the staff of the forensic medical examination.

The oil industry is a significant component of the industry of Bashkortostan. The complex of harmful factors for oil production workers includes industrial noise, vibration, exposure to harmful substances, the severity and intensity of work, unfavorable microclimate conditions. The researchers conditionally divide production factors of chemical nature into natural chemicals that are part of oil and associated gases (hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, mercaptans), and substances used to enhance oil recovery, preparation, transportation of oil and gas (reagents, acids, surfactants, methanol, welding aerosols). There is a role of changes in metabolic processes at the level of cells and subcellular structures in the development of pathological processes under the influence of harmful production factors in a number of studies.

The study aims to substantiate the markers of early metabolic disorders in employees of an oil-producing enterprise.

We conducted a study of metabolic processes in 340 oil production workers. The researchers represented the professional production groups by drillers (35.3%), operators of underground well repair (64.7%). The authors carried out characteristics of the factors of the working environment and the labor process of oil-producing industries in accordance with R 2.2.2006-05. The researchers also performed biochemical studies of the parameters of the lipid spectrum of blood serum, free radical processes and endogenous intoxication.

The level of exposure to the average concentrations of the chemical factor at the workplaces of drillers and operators of underground well repair corresponds to classes 2-3.1.

The influence of harmful production factors causes metabolic disorders in the body of oil production workers in the form of a violation of the lipid spectrum (an increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides), changes in the activity of cytolytic enzymes (GGT, AST, ALT), activation of lipid peroxidation processes, a decrease in catalase activity, an increase in the level of medium-molecular peptides in blood serum, which confirms the presence of endogenous intoxication syndrome in the examined workers.

The impact of harmful production factors on the body of oil production workers causes metabolic disorders in the body and dictates the need for a complex of biochemical studies for the early diagnosis of prenosological processes and timely preventive measures.